hematopoietic cord blood (cb) stem cell transplantation has more advantages to other cell sources because of lower graft versus host disease (gvhd). interleukin-15(il-15) is an immunoregulatory cytokine, known to enhance cytolytic function of cord natural killer (nk) cells. the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of il-15 on nk cytotoxicity simultaneously in different cell death sta...

This paper shows that the Poisson multi-Bernoulli mixture (PMBM) density is a multi-target conjugate prior for general target-generated measurement distributions and arbitrary clutter distributions. That is, this model standard dynamic with birth model, predicted filtering densities are PMBMs. We derive corresponding PMBM recursion. Based on result, we implement filter point-target models negat...

We look at the problem of signal transduction by extracellular agonist binding to a receptor protein at the membrane (sensor) via binding of G-proteins (effectors) to a highly integrative target molecule, such as the second messenger cAMP (target). We explore the effects of binding times, effector assignment and effector pool size on the shape of the output signal under different input scenario...

the plant-pathogen interaction is a multifactor process that may lead to resistance or susceptible responses of plant to pathogens. during the arms race between plant and pathogens, various biochemical, molecular and physiological events are triggered in plant cells such as ros signaling, hormone activation and gene expression reprogramming. in plants, micrornas (mirnas) are key post-transcript...

Photodynamic therapy has been applied quite extensively over the last few years, whereby the activation of photosensitizers by light causes the production of reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, which is cytotoxic. The goal of this study was the enhancement of the photodynamic activity of photosensitizers through their delivery to specific, sensitive intracellular compartments of tar...

Organisms which rely solely on innate defense systems must combat a large number of antagonists with a comparably low number of defense effector molecules. As one solution of this problem, these organisms have evolved effector molecules targeting epitopes that are conserved between different antagonists of a specific taxon or, if possible, even of different taxa. In order to restrict the activi...

DNA methylation is a conserved epigenetic mark in plants and mammals. In Arabidopsis, DNA methylation can be triggered by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) through an RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. Here, we report the identification of an RdDM effector, KTF1. Loss-of-function mutations in KTF1 reduce DNA methylation and release the silencing of RdDM target loci without abolishing th...

The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) of rhesus monkeys has been found to encode the behavioral meaning of categories of sensory stimuli. When animals are instructed with sensory cues to make either eye or hand movements to a target, PPC cells also show specificity depending on which effector (eye or hand) is instructed for the movement. To determine whether this selectivity retrospectively refle...

The bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae depends on effector proteins secreted by its type III secretion system for the pathogenesis of plants. The majority of these effector proteins are known suppressors of immunity, but their plant targets remain elusive. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model host, we report that the HopE1 effector uses the host calcium sensor, calmodulin (CaM), as a co-f...

The integration of vision and proprioception for estimating the hand's starting location prior to a reach has been shown to depend on the modality of the target towards which the reach is planned. Here we investigated whether the processing of online feedback is also influenced by target modality. Participants made reaching movements to a target that was defined by vision, proprioception, or bo...