today, the tourism industry is of a special significance; during the past 50 years , this industry has turned into one of the major actors in the field of international trade as well as providing significant resources for income in most of the developed and developing countries. any country defines an appropriate policy in order to attract foreign tourists. policy making in the field of tourism...

D uring the past few decades, national security plays a central role in the process of economic development. Also, foreign investment and trade have rapidly increased worldwide and have enhanced economic growth in developing countries. Although foreign investment and trade bring huge economic benefits, many developing countries fear that by opening up markets to competition and forei...

Nontariff barriers (NTBs) refer to the wide range of policy interventions other than border tariffs that affect trade of goods, services, and factors of production. Most taxonomies of NTBs include market-specific trade and domestic policies affecting trade in that market. Extended taxonomies include macro-economic policies affecting trade. NTBs have gained importance as tariff levels have been ...

Concerns regarding the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) have raised awareness about the negative public health impacts of trade and investment agreements. In the past decade, we have learned much about the implications of trade agreements for public health: reduced equity in access to health services; increased flows of unhealthy commodities; limits on access to medicines; and constrained policy...

Economic models of trade in endangered species products often do not incorporate four focal arguments in the policy debate over trade bans: 1) Law-abiding consumers may operate in another market, separate from illegal consumers, that trade would bring online. 2) Legal trade reduces stigma, which affects demand of law-abiding consumers. 3) Laundering may bring illegal goods to legal markets when...

Regionalism is an integral part of the broader economic policy reforms that have occurred in the Western Hemisphere over the last decade. This chapter examines the dynamic effects of regional integration arrangements in the Western Hemisphere on the U.S. economy, including U.S. agriculture and agricultural trade, by taking into account changes in saving-investment and capital accumulation. Thro...

the main purpose of this study is to determine welfare impacts of trade liberalization on maize market. for this purpose, we used from time series data for the period 1961/2009 and estimated domestic supply, domestic demand and import demand for maize. results of estimation showed that price elasticity of supply and demand is 0.32 and -0.25, respectively. then, by means of these elasticities, w...

Abstract Financial crises and currency instabilities within developing and emerging economies during the last decade had a tremendous impact on the economic performance and increased vulnerability of economies against domestic and foreign shocks. The timing of capital liberalization is one of the significant debates among other issues related to currency instability, and it would be more conven...