background: maternal mortality (mm) is an avoidable death andthere is national, international and political commitment to reduceit. the objective of this study is to examine the relation of mm tosocioeconomic factors and its inequality in iran’s provinces at anecologic level.methods: the overall mm from each province was considered for3 years from 2004 to 2006. the five independent variables wh...

background and aims: air pollution is one of the health problems worldwide. previous epidemiological studies have investigated the impacts of air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. the aim of this study was to determine the associations between air pollution levels and different health indicators among world countries. methods: this ecological study was performed in 2013 by u...

BACKGROUND Prevalence rates of child maltreatment (CM) can differ substantially between countries and ethnicities. Reasons, however, are complex and not sufficiently understood. METHOD This epidemiological study examined prevalence and risk factors of various types of CM in a population-based representative sample of native and immigrant adolescents in Switzerland (N = 6,787). RESULTS The p...

air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of US adults. Response to Loomis et al. I would like to address comments of Loomis et al. about inferences drawn from studies using group-level exposure variables , the use of the tobacco analogy, the application of Hill's criteria for causality (1), and the use of the Hertz-Picciotto criteria for evaluating studies (2). Whether t...

“T are neither carnivores nor reptiles in Tahiti,” wrote Paul Gauguin in his journal Noa Noa. “The only ‘wild game’ on the island are the pigs which have escaped into the forest, where they have multiplied and become entirely wild.” The artist’s first impression after the long voyage, “sixty-three days of feverish expectancy,” was “nothing very extraordinary; nothing, for instance, that could b...

In Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, Jacob Marley, Scrooge's former partner appeared to Scrooge in a ghostly apparition. "You don't believe in me," observed the ghost. "I don't," said Scrooge. "What evidence would you have of my reality beyond that of your senses?" "I don't know," said Scrooge. "Why do you doubt your senses?" "Because," said Scrooge, "a little thing affects them. A slight dis...

sustainability creates solutions that solve the economic, social and environmental challenges. it has been studied and managed over many scales of time and space and in many contexts. the paper reviews the definitions of sustainability respecting the ecologic concept as well the need for balanced sustainability within its three pillars on equal way, then it goes throw ecologic architecture with...

Most models of how science works propose that competition between ideas contributes to the advancement of knowledge. Criticism of scientific work plays a part in facilitating such competition by exposing the strengths and weaknesses of rival explanations , encouraging debate, and suggesting alternatives. Nevertheless, not all criticism has equal value to the scientific process. In a review of e...

The article analyzes wordings of the category ‘ecosystem’ as a form interaction in economics. Drawbacks current definitions term were identified and wording ‘ecosystem’, which is most substantiated for present research, was presented. ‘microcosm ecologic taxation’ introduced defined. Common features differences, structure, elements internal set-up ecosystem microcosm described. author underline...