reverse addressing is an interesting realization of kinship terms in interactive, face to face communication. this descriptive study was proposed to examine the use of family address pronouns in iran as a function of the classical sociological parameters of age, sex, and social distance. it investigated various aspects of reverse addressing as a vernacular phenomenon. data were reported from th...

Abstract Chartered companies provided one solution for the problems posed by long-distance trade in early modern world. Accordingly, these organisations have been studied exhaustively. Yet field is no means depleted, as books reviewed here attest. These six cover questions ranging from whether chartered acted real business or rather appendages of state power, relations between and states, insti...

neo-classical sonnet, created out of iran’s classic poetry, is one of the contemporary poetic movements which have always been dynamic. the purpose of its leading poets was to make the traditional form of sonnet attuned with modern requirements. this poetic movement has benefited the poetic possibilities of which free verse has provided for persian poetry in terms of locution, language and lite...

Although the connection between head and stomach and hence the condition known as "gastric headache" was well known to the ancients, it has received little attention since the early 20th century. Herein, we review the teachings of the medieval Persian physicians about the gastric headache along with the related signs, symptoms, types and causes. The medieval Persian scholars adopted the main id...

Love and its transformative power have long been at the center of Islamic Sufism. For Sufi writers profane love, perceived as the love of worldly beloved, was the first step on the path toward the union with the divine. Farid al-Din ‘Attar (1145-1221) was one of the most significant authors to espouse and articulate profane love as a representation of both earthly and heavenly love. 'Attar’s us...

using the narrative poetry to express human and social concerns is one of the commonalities between nima yooshij and khalil matran, the modern persian and arab poets. lots of nima’s poems benefit the narrative aspects. khilil matran is also of the arab poets who have imported the narrative aspects in modern arabic poetry. based on the method of comparative literature, this study has being accom...

The emergence of modern Kurdish poetry marks a period great significance in the history literature since it witnessed advent modernity, rise nationalism, fall Persian and Ottoman Empires, creation Middle East with no country for Kurds. In this article I examine complex process poetic modernisation which unfolded over oeuvres generations poets from late 19th century till its culmination 1940s. i...