Robust optimization problems, which have uncertain data, are considered. We prove surrogate duality theorems for robust quasiconvex optimization problems and surrogate min-max duality theorems for robust convex optimization problems. We give necessary and sufficient constraint qualifications for surrogate duality and surrogate min-max duality, and show some examples at which such duality result...

canopy gaps are one of the most important structural features of forest ecosystems, and studying of them can have useful results and implications for forest management. the aim of this study is investigation of characteristics and regeneration within canopy gaps in an intact beech stand in the shastkalateh experimental forest of hyrcanian region, north of iran. all canopy gaps and related fores...

Labor market segmentation is a growing phenomenon in many countries across different continents. In 2007, the Korean government undertook a labor reform prohibiting undue discriminatory treatment against fixed-term, part-time, and dispatched workers in an attempt to address income inequality arising from labor market duality. By exploiting a gradual introduction of the anti-discrimination law b...

Gaps created by falling trees (tree-fall gaps) are a natural disturbance in forest ecosystems. Understanding scale, pattern and the effect of gaps on regeneration is important to current and future forest management. The aim of this study was to determine the size, shape and the spatial pattern of tree-fall gaps and of associated regeneration. This study was carried out in three parcels (No.15,...

background. this study evaluated the effect of two prophylaxis techniques on the marginal gap of ci v resin-modified glass-ionomer restorations. methods. standard cl v cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 48 sound bovine mandibular incisors in this in vitro study. after restoration of the cavities with gc fuji ii lc resin-modified glass-ionomer, the samples were randomly assigned to...

In this paper we get some results and applications for duals and approximate duals of g-frames in Hilbert spaces. In particular, we consider the stability of duals and approximate duals under bounded operators and we study duals and approximate duals of g-frames in the direct sum of Hilbert spaces. We also obtain some results for perturbations of approximate duals.

In this paper we show how the classical duality results extended to a Duality via Truth contribute to development of a relational semantics for various modal-like logics. In particular, we present a Duality via Truth for some classes of information algebras and frames. We also show that the full categorical formulation of classical duality extends to a full Duality via Truth.