BACKGROUND Influenza viruses are thought to be spread by droplets, but the role of aerosol dissemination is unclear and has not been assessed by previous studies. Oxygen therapy, nebulised medication and ventilatory support are treatments used in clinical practice to treat influenzal infection are thought to generate droplets or aerosols. OBJECTIVES Evaluation of the characteristics of drople...

Acidic air pollutants generally are dissolved in water droplets. Mean droplet diameter may range from more than 10 microns in dense fog to less than 1 micron at low relative humidity. Droplet size influences the deposition of inhaled acid within the respiratory tract and thus may influence toxicity. To help assess health risks from acid pollution, we performed controlled exposures of normal and...

An oscillatory emulsification system for the production of oil in water emulsions using a commercially available low-cost woven metal microscreen (WMMS) is investigated. The system allows for independent control of both the oscillation frequencies and amplitudes such that it provides two degrees of freedom for controlling the emulsion properties. The investigations included the production of bo...

Liquid agent transport was investigated around unheated and heated horizontal cylinders (to a near-surface temperature of approximately 423 K, i.e., well above the water boiling point) under ambient conditions. Experimental results are presented for a well-characterized, droplet-laden homogenous turbulent flow field, using water, methoxy-nonafluorobutane (i.e., HFE-7100, C4F9OCH3, with a boilin...

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The division of semi-crystalline polymeric material into small domains is an effective tool for studying crystal nucleation. The scaling behavior of the nucleation rate as a function of domain size can reveal important information about the mechanism responsible for the birth of a crystal nucleus. We have investigated the process of crystal nucleation in a system of dewetted polyethylene drople...

In this study, a novel effective droplet microfluidic platform for the generation, guiding and storage of different sized droplet interface bilayers is reported. A microfluidic platform is designed which allows the generation and packing of picoliter lipid coated aqueous droplets. Generated droplets are generated flattened by hydrodynamic focusing and sorted according to their size using surfac...

The properties of H2 droplets formed by condensation in a supersonic freejet were probed by the capture and coagulation of CO molecules for the purpose of determining whether the droplets are liquid or solid. The CO was introduced into the H2 droplets by passing the droplet beam through a scattering chamber containing CO at room temperature and various pressures. Reduction of droplet size as a ...

The kinetic potential of nucleation theory is used to describe droplet growth processes in a cloud. Drizzle formation is identified as a statistical barrier-crossing phenomenon that transforms cloud droplets to drizzle size with a rate dependent on turbulent diffusion, droplet collection, and size distribution. Steady-state and transient drizzle rates are calculated for typical cloud conditions...

A stochastic differential equation is conjectured for approximately modelling the fluctuating size changes of an individual droplet in a fluid that is metastable with respect to nucleation of a new phase, in the limit when the critical droplet size is very large. The Freidlin-Wentzell formula for this S.D.E. is used to make estimates of large-deviation type for probabilities of such events as t...