This study uses micro-data from the 1998-99 Indian Time Use Survey (ITUS; covering 77,593 persons in 18,591 households in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, and Haryana) to argue that time use data provides a natural metric for measuring "social capital" building activities and for distinguishing between the relative importance of "bonding" into groups or "bridging" within ...

The aim of this work was to determine the natural fluoride concentrations in public water supplies in Piauí State, Brazil, in order to identify cities in risk for high prevalence of dental fluorosis. For each city, two samples of drinking water were collected in the urban area: one from the main public water supply and another from a public or residential tap from the same source. Fluoride anal...

I became interested in asbestos in drinking water supplies in the spring of 1973 when Mr. Jack Murchio, our electron microscopist, pointed out that a number of San Francisco Bay Area reservoirs were situated on geologic formations that are known to contain asbestos, i.e., serpentine rock. Thus we set out to examine the raw drinking water associated with these reservoirs for the presence of asbe...

Drinking water supplies continue to be a major source of human disease and death globally because many of them remain unsafe and vulnerable. Greater efforts are needed to address the key issues and questions which influence the provision of safe drinking water. Efforts are needed to re-evaluate and set new and better priorities for drinking water research and practice. More stakeholders need to...

BACKGROUND Because of the potential for contamination of municipal water supplies, people appear to be turning to alternative sources for their pure drinking water. OBJECTIVES The present study analyzed the fluoride concentration in community water and bottled drinking water sold in Faridabad city. METHODS A comparative evaluation of fluoride content in community water supply and bottled dr...

Fluoride is one of the few chemicals of natural origin that have been shown to cause significant health effects in people through drinking-water. The association between the fluoride level in drinking water and the degree of dental fluorosis has been documented worldwide. The permissible maximum health-based fluoride limit in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l. The aim of this paper is to assess human ...

Dwr Cymru Welsh Water supplies over three million people with drinking water throughout most of Wales (UK). Ortho-phosphate has increasingly been dosed at around 1 mg/L (P) to further reduce the corrosivity of supplies to the lead pipes which connect approximately 30% of houses to water mains in the company's area, additional to long-establish pH adjustment measures. The installation of new ort...

Samples of drinking water from different sources in greater Cairo, Egypt, and bottled drinking water were tested for total coliform, fecal coliform, and coliphage populations. Of the 147 samples tested, 4 samples were positive for both total coliforms and coliphage, 65 samples were negative for total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and coliphage, and 78 samples were positive for coliphage and negat...

In addition to providing potable drinking water, U.S. water systems are critical to the maintenance of many vital public services, such as fire suppression and power generation. Disruption of these systems would produce severe public health and safety risks, as well as considerable economic losses. Thus, water systems have been designated as critical to national security by the U.S. government....

Bacterial indicators and bacteriophages suggested as potential indicators of water quality were determined by public laboratories in water from springs, household water wells, and rural and metropolitan water supplies in north-eastern Spain. Indicator bacteria were detected more frequently than bacteriophages in springs, household water wells and rural water supplies. In contrast, positive bact...