In this paper we expand the standard Hotelling-Downs model (Hotelling 1929; Downs 1957) of spatial competition to a setting where clients do not necessarily choose their closest candidate (retail product or political). Specifically, we consider a setting where clients may disavow all candidates if there is no candidate that is sufficiently close to the client preferences. Moreover, if there are...

Purpose: Increased patellofemoral joint reaction force is the main cause of pain syndrome. Foot pronation causes faulty coupling lower limb and increases force; accordingly, this study aims to systematically review effect distal interventions on clinical symptoms kinematics patients with pain. Methods: The search strategy was applied Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Web Science,...