in this paper, we focus on a continuously deteriorating critical equipment which its failure cannot be measured by cost criterion. for these types of systems like military systems, nuclear systems, etc it is extremely important to avoid failure during the actual operation of the system. in this paper we propose an approach which constrains failure probability to a pre-specified value. this valu...

atom transfer radical polymerization (atrp) of styrene was carried out at 105°c and a monte carlo simulation was employed to model the system. the variations of monomer conversion, the initiator concentration, average molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution were evaluated as the reaction proceeded. according to the results obtained, for similar reaction time, monomer conversion is h...

exposure buildup factors have been calculated by monte carlo method for point isotropic gamma ray sources, penetrating a two-layer spherical shield of water surrounded by lead, and the effect of bremsstrahlung radiation on buildup factors has, in particular, been investigated, the results of which are in good agreement with previous works. the buildup factors were then calculated for various co...

serum albumin is the most aboundant protein in blood plasma. its two major roles aremaintaining osmotic pressure and depositing and transporting compounds. in this paper,albumin-methanol solution simulation is carried out by three techniques including montecarlo (mc), molecular dynamic (md) and langevin dynamic (ld) simulations. byinvestigating energy changes by time and temperature (between 27...

introduction: scattered photon is one of the main defects that degrade the quality and quantitative accuracy of nuclear medicine images. accurate estimation of scatter in projection data of spect is computationally extremely demanding for activity distribution in uniform and non-uniform dense media. methods: the objective of this paper is to develop and validate a scatter correction technique t...

Introduction: The main advantage of using ion beams over photons in radiotherapy is due to their inverse depth-dose profiles, allowing higher doses to tumors, while better sparing normal tissues. When calculating dose distributions with ion beams, one crucial point is the uncertainty of the Bragg-peak range. Recently great effort is devoted to enhance the accuracy of the comput...

medicinal chemistry depends on many other disciplines ranging from organic chemistry andpharmacology to computational chemistry. typically medicinal chemists use the moststraightforward ways to prepare compounds. the validation of any design project comes from thebiological testing.studies of the binding site of vinblastine by a single cross—linking experiment identified it asbeing between resi...

in this paper, an interval approach is presented to achieve perfect selectivity and maximum sensitivity in distance relay zones, considering uncertainties. for this purpose, first, the uncertainties affecting the settings of the three zones of a distance relay are discussed. then, by using the monte-carlo simulation, the uncertainties are modelled and the impedances seen by the distance relay a...

background: gold nanoparticles (gnps) have been shown as a good radiosensitizer. in combination with radiotherapy, several studies with orthovoltage x-rays have shown considerable dose enhancement effects. this paper reports the dose enhancement factor (def) due to gnps in 18 megavoltage (mv) beams. materials and methods: different geometrical 50-nm gnps configurations at a concentration of 5 m...