In recent years a number of the genes that regulate muscle formation and maintenance in higher organisms have been identified. Studies employing invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms have revealed that many of the genes required for early mesoderm specification are highly conserved throughout evolution. Less is known about the molecules that mediate the steps subsequent to myogenesis, e. ...

The concept of diagnostic reference range (DRR) is introduced to address the balance between a patient’s risk (radiation dose) and benefit (image quality necessary for an accurate diagnosis). R provides minimum estimated dose that covers 25–75% distribution. International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP (2017) recommended 75th percentile as upper d 25th lower limit DRR [1]. Dose bel...

Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) should be used by regional, national and local authorised bodies. The numerical values of DRLs are advisory, however, implementation of the DRL concept may be required by an authorised body. The concept of DRLs allows flexibility in their selection and implementation. The present ICRP advice does not specify quantities, numerical values or details of implement...

The goal of this study was to compare the ability of morphology and molecular-based surveys to estimate species richness for two species-rich diatom genera, Chaetoceros Ehrenb. and Thalassiosira Cleve, in the Bay of Fundy. Phytoplankton tows were collected from two sites at intervals over two years and subsampled for morphology-based surveys (2010, 2011), a culture-based DNA reference library (...

Leaf architecture directly influences canopy structure, consequentially affecting yield. We discovered a maize (Zea mays) mutant with aberrant leaf architecture, which we named drooping leaf1 (drl1). Pleiotropic mutations in drl1 affect leaf length and width, leaf angle, and internode length and diameter. These phenotypes are enhanced by natural variation at the drl2 enhancer locus, including r...

The concept of reference levels has had a long history in diagnostic imaging (1). In general, reference levels provide guidance regarding appropriate or conventional levels of radiation dose to be delivered to patients. In Europe, the concept has origins in the 1950s with x-ray examination surveys in the United Kingdom (2). In the United States, the use of reference levels began with “Nationwid...