The use of peptide hormones for performance enhancement is documented by positive doping control samples with e.g. human chorionic gonadotropin or erythropoietin and by confession of athletes or confiscation of peptide hormone products. With the development of doping control methods, dopers start searching for manipulation and masking strategies to circumvent the detection of prohibited substan...

BACKGROUND Urine sample collection for doping control tests is a key component of the World Anti-Doping Agency's fight against doping in sport. However, a substantial number of athletes experience difficulty when having to urinate under supervision. Furthermore, it cannot always be ensured that athletes are actually delivering their own urine. A method that can be used to alleviate the negative...

This definition is clearly legally motivated and does not support the discussion of technical issues. The number and classes of prohibited substances is very complex in human sports, where selected stimulants, narcotics, hormones, β2agonists, anti-oestrogenic agents and diuretics are covered. The situation becomes even more confusing if the term ‘doping’ is extended to animal (e.g. equestrian) ...

metal oxides play a very important role in many areas of chemistry, physics and materials science.the metal elements are able to form a large diversity of oxide compounds. in this investigation, wesynthesis sno2 and c,n,s-tridoped sno2 nanoparticles by precipitation method. the synthesizedsno2 and c,n,s-tridoped sno2 nanoparticles were characterized by instrumental analysis methods,such as x-ra...

In 2009, the Japan Anti-Doping Agency (JADA) established the "Sports Pharmacist Accreditation Program" to prevent doping in sports. Since then, anti-doping activities in Japan have been attracting attention. In this study, we investigated research about the current status of doping from 2007 to 2014 in Japan to make anti-doping activities more concrete, and we also discussed future anti-doping ...

The use of drugs and ergogenic substances to augment athletic performance, commonly referred to as doping, has evolved along with sporting events. Ancient Olympic athletes consumed mushrooms, plants, and herbs in an attempt to gain a competitive edge. The modern Olympic Games made their debut in 1896, and mixtures of cocaine, ephedrine, and strychnine were used to enhance performance. Anabolic ...