Social animals adjust their behavior according to social relationships and momentary circumstances. Dominant-submissive relationships modulate, but do not completely determine, their competitive behaviors. For example, a submissive monkey's decision to retrieve food depends not only on the presence of dominant partners but also on their observed behavior. Thus, behavioral expression requires a ...

Conservation management often focuses on counteracting the adverse effects of human activities on threatened populations. However, conservation measures may unintentionally relax selection by allowing the 'survival of the not-so-fit', increasing the risk of fixation of maladaptive traits. Here, we report such a case in the critically-endangered Chatham Island black robin (Petroica traversi) whi...

[Purpose] This study was performed to examine how the balance of lower limbs and the muscle activities of the tibialis anterior (TA), the medial gastrocnemius (GCM), and the peroneus longus (PL) are influenced by isotonic and isokinetic exercise of the ankle joint. [Subjects] The subjects of this study were healthy adults (n=20), and they were divided into two groups (isotonic=10, isokinetic=10...

Action research (AR) has for many years been promoted and practised as one way to conduct field studies within the information systems (IS) discipline. Based on a review of articles published in leading journals, we explore how IS researchers practise AR. Our review suggests that AR lends itself strongly towards pluralist approaches which facilitate the production of both theoretical and practi...

The Iran Water Resources Management Company constructs many dams to control surface water that provide a new potential for aquaculture activities. Trophic status index and natural potential for fish production were investigated in nine small dam reservoirs from northwest of Iran. Prediction of fish productivity was calculated based on phytoplankton biomass (using chlorophyll a concentration in ...