Several congestion pricing proposals have been made in the last decade. Usually, however, those proposals studied optimal strategies and did not focus on implementation issues. Our main contribution in this paper is to address implementation issues for congestion-sensitive pricing over a single domain of the differentiated-services (diff-serv) architecture of the Internet. We propose a new cong...

capital asset pricing, as one of the basic theories in finance and investment area, develop a model for estimation of expected rate of return and equity cost of capital. this model has many applications in the field of finance. one of anomalies in the capital asset pricing model is the value premium that its proponents believe this risk premium is compensation for a risk not mentioned in origin...

In the Internet, the current flat-fee pricing scheme is not suitable to prevent congestion situations. Therefore, pricing is likely to be changed in the future, such that users are charged according to the resources they consume – a usage-based pricing scheme. Because of the heterogeneous network infrastructure, a uniform pricing mechanism must provide for localized pricing policies. It is nece...

BACKGROUND Health care providers are being pressured to lower the cost of care. Because of the inherent cost variability in providing health care, as reimbursement falls, providers may not be able to cover all costs. Understanding the underlying causes of this wide variability is important in determining optimum pricing. Prior studies on the cost of coronary bypass surgery have determined which...

A previous article in this journal (Coelen and Sullivan, 1981) reported new evidence that many State hospital prospective reimbursement (PR) programs have been successful in reducing hospital cost inflation. Limiting proliferation of redundant technologies and community services may be one method of reducing this cost inflation. Data compiled from a sample of over 2,500 hospitals in 15 rate-set...

A recurring finding in autism spectrum disorder research is that head and brain growth is disproportionate to body growth in early childhood. Nordahl et al. (2011) demonstrated that this occurs in approximately 15% of boys with autism. While the literature suggests that brain growth normalizes at older ages, this has never been evaluated in a longitudinal study. The current study evaluated head...

Two patients are described with grammatical class dissociation: CG, a semantic-dementia patient who presented a disproportionate impairment of nouns compared to verbs; SA, a patient with a left parietal lesion who presented impaired sentence production and a disproportionate deficit for verbs compared to nouns. The results are discussed within the current models on semantic memory and lexical a...