Certain patients with disorders of sex development (DSD), who bear Y chromosome material in their karyotype, are at increased risk for the development of type II germ cell tumors (GCT), which arise from early fetal germ cells. DSD gonads frequently harbor immature germ cells which express early fetal germ cell markers. Some of them (e.g. OCT3/4 and NANOG) seem to be of pathogenetic relevance in...

The determination of a baby’s sex begins at the chromosomal level with the insemination of the ovum. Further sexual differentiation follows during the subsequent embryogenesis. However, chromosomal anomalies, gene mutations, and other exogenous or endogenous factors can cause disorders of sexual differentiation. These disorders manifest during childhood or at the latest in puberty, making patie...

Variables that impact gender development in humans are difficult to evaluate. This difficulty exists because it is not usually possible to tease apart biological influences on gender from social variables. People with disorders of sex development, or DSD, provide important opportunities to study gender within individuals for whom biologic components of sex can be discordant with social componen...

In the treatment of patients with disorders of sex development (DSD), multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) represent a new standard of care. While DSDs are too complex for care to be delivered effectively without specialized team management, these conditions are often considered to be too rare for their medical management to be a hospital priority. Many specialists involved in DSD care want to create...

46,XY Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) has wide variations of clinical manifestations ranging from complete female, genitalia ambiguity, to complete male. Therefore the inviduals with this disorder can be reared as boys or girls. Most of Indonesian DSD cases are facing with budget constraint, because they require series of costly examinations and treatment. We aimed to know the distribution o...

abstract background cancer diagnosis may cause deep emotional and affective problems in patients and their families.nowadays, however, despite its rising prevalence,cancer is no longer synonymous with death. given the significance of emotional well-being in cancer patients, we decided to assess the frequency of psychological problems in seven to seventeen yearolds with acute lymphoblastic leuke...