BACKGROUND The UK has traditionally had strong proxy demand-side measures favouring generic drug use, including prescribing guidance, financial incentives and encouraging generic prescribing. At distribution level, pharmacies are paid a salary for their dispensing work, based on volume dispensed, and procure generic products on the basis of discounts given to them by manufacturers or wholesaler...

Objective: The study aimed to survey price reductions such as discounts and rebates granted for medicines used

In this article, we deal with the problem of determining the economic operating policy when a number of items are to be procured from a number of suppliers offering different quantity discounts schedules. In such inventory problems, a fixed cost is incurred with each replenishment order, independent of the suppliers as well as the items involved in the order. Further, the item involves a minor ...

This research provides a significant step towards understanding the relationship between house vintage and value. This study analyses residential sales transactions in New Zealand using hedonic pricing models and uncovers evidence that a home’s vintage is a commodity that commands price premiums or discounts. Vintage is found to have a nonlinear influence on sales price and this relationship di...

This paper provides a new explanation of why price reductions take place on a regular basis. It is argued that the demand for a ...rm’s product drops over time because of the erosion of consumers’ brand recall, which in turn can be boosted by price cuts. After analyzing the dynamic optimal choice of price discounts in both monopoly and duopoly settings, I show that a monopolist’s optimal pricin...

Distributing assets to Family Limited Partnerships (FLPs) is an estate planning technique designed to reduce assets subject to estate taxation. This paper discusses power index models as measures of power along with extensions of indices to value minority discounts. Power indices and valuation models proposed here are directly applicable to valuing other business entities, particularly where co...

This paper sheds light on an empirical controversy about the effect of competition on price discrimination. We propose a model in which consumers learn their preferences over time and show that firms offer advance purchase discounts. Consumers choose between an early (uninformed) purchase at a low price and a late (informed) purchase at a high price. Competing firms offer higher discounts to se...

This paper studies the firms’ incentive for vertical integration and bundled discounts of complementary services. We suppose that firms first choose market structures and pricing schemes, and then compete in prices. We found that vertical integration and mixed bundling is a dominant strategy for all firms. Whereas, except for the systems of components that are very strongly differentiated, tota...