In this paper, we present a new technique of representing the player’s strategies by adaptive automata, which can handle complex strategies in large populations effectively. The representation the player’s strategies have a great impact on changing the player’s behaviour in rational environments. This model is built on the basis of changing the behaviour of the player’s gradually toward the coo...

We study cooperation in four-person economies of indefinite duration. Subjects interact anonymously playing a prisoner’s dilemma. We identify and characterize the strategies employed at the aggregate and at the individual level. We find that (i) grim trigger well describes aggregate play, but not individual play; (ii) individual behavior is persistently heterogeneous; (iii) coordination on coop...

The Bridge dilemma (pushing a heavy man from a bridge in front of a train that would otherwise kill five persons) and the Switch dilemma (redirecting a train that would otherwise kill five persons onto another track where it kills one person) are presumably the two best-known moral dilemmas in philosophy and psychology. In this paper we claim that people’s intuitions about what to do in Bridge ...

This paper documents our efforts in replicating Epstein’s (1998) demographic prisoner’s dilemma model. While, qualitatively speaking, our replicated model resembles the results of the original model reasonably well, statistical testing reveals that in quantitative terms our endeavor was only partially successful. This fact hints towards some unstated assumptions regarding the original model. Co...

The aim of this article is to examine how women with children define dmoralT behaviour in relation to the issue of divorce. The data consist of life stories written by married Finnish mothers who say that they have contemplated divorce or separation. The analytical focus is on how the decision process is narratively constructed. The theories around a feminist ethic of care provide the theoretic...

Tumefactive fibroinflammatory lesions (TFLs) are rare idiopathic benign fibrosclerosing lesions that clinically simulate a malignancy. TFLs are seen more frequently in males between 10 and 74 years of age. The usual site of involvement is the head and neck region, but rarely the extremities may be involved. Coexisting fibrosclerotic processes have been reported including retroperitoneal fibrosi...

Radial tunnel syndrome is a disease which we should consider it in elbow and forearm pains. It is diagnosed with lateral elbow and dorsal forearm pain may radiate to the wrist and dorsum of the fingers. The disease is more prevalent in women with the age of 30 to 50 years old. It occurs by intermittent compression on the radial nerve from the radial head to the inferior border of the supinator ...

We study two types of targeting in this paper, exogenous targeting and endogenous targeting. By exogenous targeting we mean targeting by product preferences: advertising levels and prices geared to specific consumer preferences. Exogenous targeting presumes observability of consumer preferences (or of factors correlated with them). This is the sort of targeting that is much in the news in conte...

We consider a population initially consisting of cooperators and defectors, who are engaged in a Prisoners’ Dilemma. A knowledgeable mutant is introduced who memorizes other players by experience. We derive a formal model which allows us to describe the growth of the mutant’s knowledge of defectors in a precise way. When meeting known defectors, the mutant is assumed to avoid exploitation by re...

In the realm of iterated prisoners' dilemma equipped with evolutional generation of strategies, a model has been proposed by Lindgren that allows elongation of genes, represented by onedimensional binary arrays, by three kinds of mutations: duplications, splittings, and point mutations, and the strong strategies are set to survive according to their performance at the change of generations. The...