Behaviors are among the most complex phenotypes, making the genetic dissection of behavioral differences extremely challenging. A careful dissection of ontogenetic differences in burrowing behavior between mouse species highlights the importance of integrative approaches to the study of behavioral evolution.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays targeting the small-subunit rRNA were developed and evaluated, allowing for the simultaneous diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax DNA in human blood samples. The PCR methods and quantitative buffy coat (QBC) were compared in 402 patients. The heminested PCR method showed a sensitivity of 97.4%, which was superior to the sensitivity...

We present the first results obtained with a new instrument designed and built to study DNA-protein interactions at the single molecule level. This microscope combines optical tweezers with scanning probe microscopy and allows us to locate DNA-binding proteins on a single suspended DNA molecule. A single DNA molecule is stretched taut using the optical tweezers, while a probe is scanned along t...

Two-color whole-mount in situ hybridization is a powerful technique for comparing the spatial expression patterns of two genes in developing embryos or within a given adult tissue. Many current procedures use two genespecific antisense RNA probes, each incorporating a different chemical moiety that is recognized by a specific antibody. Typically, the first gene-specific RNA probe is labeled wit...

Human blood groups ABO (BG) represent an important system in transfusion medicine and transplantation, have a role the development of heart disease. The current study was conducted with aim comparing types knowing most affected by atherosclerosis type 2 diabetes. Our consisted total (n192) population age range (45-70) years old overweight terms their BMI. first group included (n64) under Prec...

We have described an efficient gold-catalyzed double cyclization of 1,5-enynes to afford a range of heterobicyclic compounds, including oxabicylclo[3.2.1]octenes, azabicyclo[3.2.1]octenes, oxaspiro[5.4]decene, azaspiro[5.4]decene, oxaspiro[5.5]undecene, oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonene, azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonene, and oxabicyclo[4.4.0]decene. The mechanism of this reaction is proposed to involve a chemosel...