1. Preliminaries It is well known that several languages use certain grammatical devices as object markers that are in some sense associated to the Specific / Non-Specific distinction. Spanish is one of them, and Romanian, Turkish, Persian or Hindi are frequently mentioned as other representative cases of the general phenomenon which, following Georg Bossong’s proposal, we call Differential Obj...

It is an ordinary need for cooperative applications to merge different versions of an object to a common state. Though many approaches exist, they are either too complex to implement or not flexible enough to meet the various high-level requirements. To solve the problem, a general merging algorithm is developed based on object marking, i.e., the contents of an object are marked with appropriat...

We argue that argument encoding systems that seem to involve three syntactic core cases (nominative/absolutive, ergative, accusative) are actually common ergative or accusative systems syntactically, with overt case markers for each of the two cases that disappear in intransitive contexts. Based on evidence from Kham, Djapu, Nez Perce, Upriver Halkomelem, Dyirbal, and Pitjantjatjara, we show th...

This paper focuses on a very specific aspect of a construction in HindiUrdu involving the verb ho ‘be’. The construction was previously described as displaying a pattern of differential case marking (DCM) in the literature, expressing specific semantic effects. These effects were previously compared to the contrast known as the stage-/individual-level contrast. The paper will show, however, tha...

In this paper, we introduce and analyze a simple adaptive finite element method for second order elliptic partial differential equations. The marking strategy depends on whether the data oscillation is sufficiently small compared to the error estimator in the current mesh. If the oscillation is small compared to the error estimator, we mark as many edges such that their contributions to the loc...

Sex differences in academic achievement have often been observed but have usually been attributed to inherent differences between men and women students rather than to differential marking by examiners. The present study indicates that this may not be the case. Sex bias was shown to occur in the evaluation of students’ projects. These results cannot be attributed to actual differences in achiev...

We examine the varying role of conditions on grammatical relation marking (namely animacy and volitionality) by looking at different languages of one family, using both existing descriptions and working with specially prepared video stimuli. This enables us to see the degree of variation permitted within closely related languages. We look at four Alor-Pantar languages (Teiwa, Adang, Kamang, and...

there have been many researches on object grasping in cooperating systems assuming no object slippage and stable grasp and the control system is designed to keep the contact force inside the friction cone to prevent the slippage. however undesired slippage can occur due to environmental conditions and many other reasons. in this research, dynamic analysis and control synthesis of a cooperating ...

In languages like Japanese and Okinawan, morphological evidence for agreement is scarce, which has led to the long-standing controversy as its existence. this article, I argue that while φ-agreement not morphologically realized on predicates in it nevertheless indirectly detectable form of animacy differential case-marking.