Electrical circuits are systems that can be described in different ways using differential equations of first, second and upper order. A differential equation is a mathematical equation for an unknown function of one or several variables that relates the values of the function itself and its derivatives of various orders. The theory of dynamical systems puts emphasis on qualitative analysis of ...

In this study, we designed an MOS varactor for application in the differential voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO). To improve quality factor of varactor, proposed a symmetric layout technique with reduced parasitic components. Compared typical layout, metal line interconnection varactors that is inevitable cross-coupled VCO was minimized to reduce resistance. addition, line, overall size also ...

Sense amplifiers plays an important role in memories like Dynamic Random Access (DRAM) and Static Random Access (SRAM) for read and write operations. A sense amplifier compares the bit line voltage and its complement amplifies it to rail to rail output voltages. In this project, we mainly concentrated on the write operation. Sense amplifier is one of the peripheral circuits in memories that are...

Magnetic force microscope ( MFM ) is a powerful technique for mapping the magnetic force gradient above the sample surface. Herein, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were used to fabricate MFM probe by dielectrophoresis method which is a reproducible and cost-effective technique. The effect of induced voltage on the deposition manner of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the atomic force microscope (...

Whole-cell, patch-clamp recordings were carried out in acutely dissociated neurons from entorhinal cortex (EC) layer II to study the effects of Zn on Na current kinetics and voltage dependence. In the presence of 200 μM extracellular Cd to abolish voltage-dependent Ca currents, and 100 mM extracellular Na, 1 mM Zn inhibited the transient Na current, INaT, only to a modest degree (~17% on averag...

The pull-in voltage of a single-side anchored freestanding beam, under lateral deflection, has been investigated for application as a dc voltage reference. Two sets of electrodes, alongside the tip, are used for parallel-plate type of electrostatic actuation of the 200 m long beam in the plane of the wafer. Another set of buried electrodes is aligned with the plate electrode at the free-standin...

A tutorial paper with a review of the technologies available in the mid-eighties for surge protection of lowvoltage end-user equipment. The principles of operation are described for “crowbar devices” (now generally described under the standardized name of “voltage switching devices”) and for “voltage clamping devices: (now generally described under the standardized name of “voltage limiting dev...

Two optimal control problems for instationary magnetization processes are considered in 3D spatial domains that include electrically conducting and nonconducting regions. The magnetic fields are generated by induction coils. In the first model, the induction coil is considered as part of the conducting region and the electrical current is taken as control. In the second, the coil is viewed as p...

The plasticity of synapses within neural circuits is regulated by activity, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Using the dye FM1-43 to directly image presynaptic function, we found that large numbers of presynaptic terminals in hippocampal cultures have a low release probability. While these terminals were not readily modifiable, a transient but not permanent long-term reduction of n...

Device variability in modern processes has become a major concern in SRAM design leading to degradation of both performance and yield. Variation induced offset in the sense amplifiers requires a larger bitline differential, which slows down SRAM access times and causes increased power consumption. The effect aggravated in the sub-threshold region. In this paper, we propose a circuit that reduce...