For centuries, diagnosis in Medicine and Dentistry has been considered more of an art than a science, intuitive skill that could only be mastered by experienced clinicians. Indeed, it was impossible to develop standardized, practical, operationalized diagnostic criteria. Understanding the cognitive processes underlying procedures improved recently, is now recognized rather being mysterious, pro...

Objective- In this study, the general anatomical features of the digestive tube and the transit time of the digestive tube of the Zarudni’s spur-thighed tortoises were examined by contrast radiology. Design - Experimental study. Animals - 4 adult female Zarudni’s Spur-thighed Tortoises (Testudo graeca zarudnyi). Procedures- At a temperature of 25-27°c a set of dorsoventral rad...

A 5-year-old male cross-bred guard dog with signs of anorexia, vomiting and jaundice was referred to Small Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. Initial diagnostic laboratory tests revealed leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, haemoconcentration, azotaemia, high liver enzyme activities, proteinuria and bilirubinuria. Aggressive therapeutic procedures failed to improv...

safe and effective sedation methods are as much important for small pet birds as for the other animals not only for surgical procedures but also for safe handling and diagnostic and clinical procedures such as radiography, wound dressing, blood collection, endoscopy and fracture repair procedures. the aim of this study is comparison of sedation efficacy in intranasal administration of xylazine,...