INTRODUCTION The expanding HIV epidemic in Azerbaijan and Kyrgyzstan is concentrated among people who inject drugs (PWID), who comprise a third of prisoners there. Detention of PWID is common but its impact on health has not been previously studied in the region. We aimed to understand the relationship between official and unofficial (police harassment) detention of PWID and HIV risk behaviours...

background: ocsillator system is recognized by many water plant treatment designers for having many advantages, such as combination of mixing processes, flocculation and sedimentation processes in the same unit, the possibility of softening and lucidity simultaneously, and relatively acceptable efficiency. despite using this process in number of the regions in the country, enough researches hav...

Trouble has been brewing for the past year within the state's correctional system. A series of inmate suicides in state prisons and in county detention centers has drawn adverse publicity about the provision (or lack) of mental health services to inmates. These incidents most often occur in minimum security prisons or in detention centers while prisoners are awaiting trial. The Legislative Comm...

Prison systems are rarely gender sensitive, and are even less so in conflict situations. When women are detained, it is crucial that international standards, applied with sensitivity to women’s particular needs, are brought to bear. This article gives an overview of the relevant international law, as well as the gender-specific considerations that need to be taken into account when implementing...

• In Australia, immigration policy is to incarcerate those seeking asylum in order to deter others from coming. • Within this environment, health care providers frequently experience “dual loyalty” conflict, whereby they cannot serve the interests of both their patients and their employers. • The ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) would allow for dom...

In 2003, Mana Golzari was a medical student at Stanford working at a juvenile detention medical center. She was struck by the poor health status of the incarcerated youth. Nationally, more than 2 million children and adolescents pass through juvenile detention each year, and they have substantially higher morbidity than their nonincarcerated peers. (1) Despite a 2001 American Academy of Pediatr...

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the Girls' Health Screen as a screening instrument compared to a standard history and physical examination among females entering juvenile detention. Chi-square analyses were performed to evaluate the association between the results of the self-administered screen and the history and physical examination performed by a provider. The screen...

The issue of detention as a public health control measure has attracted attention recently. This is because the threat of strains of tuberculosis that are resistant to a wider range of drugs has been identified, and there is renewed concern that public health is threatened. This paper considers whether involuntary detention is justified where voluntary measures have failed or where a patient po...

Detention ponds are currently accepted as stormwater best management practices (BMPs) in coastal South Carolina. These ponds are typical catch basins for stormwater piped directly from impervious surfaces in many residential and resort areas. Nutrients often concentrate in the ponds and contribute to eutrophication within the ponds and downgradient estuaries. A supplementary BMP is proposed tha...