today, the real problem in iran is a supply and demand problem in all aspects of the economy. from skilled and semi- skilled manapower (ssm) perspective, supply and demand are repidly changing but in opposite directions (ellig, 1990). on the demand side, the emphasis is on a skilled and semi- skilled workforce, but on the supply side, entrylevel workers are high school graduates who are functio...

This paper attempts to reconcile the risk-bearing characterization of entrepreneurs with the stylized fact that entrepreneurs exhibit conventional risk aversion profiles. We propose that the disparity arises from confounding two distinct dimensions of uncertainty: demand uncertainty and ability uncertainty. We further propose that entrepreneurs will be risk averse with respect to demand uncerta...

Maximizing the potential value of demand-side resources in terms network reliability and economy is a considerable challenge because their time-varying potentially complex operational characteristics. It urgent to take interactive relationship between supply demand side into consideration improve efficiency practicability distribution planning enhance utilization existing equipment. In this pap...

In industries like health care, consumer goods and agriculture, shortages are widely observed and the consequences can be costly. One of the main drivers of such shortages is the uncertain nature of supply and demand. To reduce uncertainties, sufficient information about supply and demand can be obtained by gathering relevant data (e.g., auditing suppliers and conducting market research). In th...