I argue that different argumentative practices require participants to categorize themselves in modes. Accordingly, distinguish four types of argumentation: rational argumentation, intergroup intragroup and, finally, personal argumentation. An inescapable implication my approach deliberation is presupposes the self-categorization same ingroup. Deliberation does not require, however, group antec...

Deliberation may increase the quality of decisions but also necessarily takes time and effort hence will have costs. But proponents deliberative democracy as an attractive or superior method for making almost all focus on presumed benefits while in practice ignoring costs associated with investing resources process deliberation. We show that cost side significantly influences performance proces...