this study investigated the relative effects of deductive and inductive form-focused instruction (ffi) on the acquisition of 4 non-generic definite article uses(cultural, situational, structural, and textual) as assessed by explicit and implicit outcome measures. the tests utilized to assess efl learners' acquisition of definite article uses were timed and untimed grammaticality judgment t...

As several linguists have pointed out, the occurrence of indefinite subject NPs (in initial or preverbal position) is more restricted than the occurrence of definite ones. There seems to be a widespread typological preference for definite preverbal subjects, and some languages (Arabic, for instance) even forbid the presence of preverbal indefinite subjects. Other languages (such as English or S...

This paper presents an approach to integrate the concepts of indefinite information with certainty factor in an object-oriented framework. In this work, the concept of traditional indefinite information is extended to include certainty factors so that indefiniteness can be measured. Indefinite information with certainty factors is classified into two categories: certainty factors of association...

This paper considers a multigrid algorithm suitable for efficient solution of indefinite linear systems arising from finite element discretization of time harmonic Maxwell equations. In particular, a “backslash” multigrid cycle is proven to converge at rates independent of refinement level if certain indefinite block smoothers are used. The method of analysis involves comparing the multigrid er...

Phrases like 'a pleasant three days', which take the obligatory form Article + Adjective + (Plural) Numeral + (Plural) Noun (AANN), present a problem for English nominal syntax. Typically, the English indefinite article A(N) is incompatible with either numerals or plural nouns; however, in AANN phrases, this cooccurrence is obligatory. This problem has remained largely unaddressed in the litera...

We are concerned with eigenvalue problems for definite and indefinite symmetric matrix pencils. First, Rayleigh-Ritz methods are formulated and, using Krylov subspaces, a convergence analysis is presented for definite pencils. Second, generalized symmetric Lanczos algorithms are introduced as a special Rayleigh-Ritz method. In particular, an a posteriori convergence criterion is demonstrated by...

The definite determiner “the” conveys a relation between the entity referred to by the noun phrase and the description provided by the noun phrase, and says that the entity is uniquely mutually identifiable in context by the speaker and hearer by virtue of that descripiton. This characterization splits into six different cases. The indefinite determiner “a” and the bare plural (the empty string...

This paper examines three subtypes of the verb copying construction in Chinese. We begin by looking at Cheng’s (2007) analysis of the resultative verb copying construction, according to which both standard movement and sideward movement are required to account for the verb copying construction (VCC). Cheng suggests that the same analysis can be applied to verb copying with nonresultative phrase...

Let $(g, X)$ be a K\"ahler-Ricci soliton on complex manifold $M$. We prove that if the K\"ahler $(M, g)$ can immersed into definite or indefinite space form of constant holomorphic sectional curvature $2c$, then $g$ is Einstein. Moreover, its Einstein rational multiple $c$.