abstract the aim of the present study was to compare defense mechanisms of patients with major depression, anxiety disorders, and normal individuals. a total of 224 individuals (87 depressed, 64 anxious, 73 normal) participated in this study, voluntarily. following a psychiatric diagnosis of the psychological disorders, all participants were asked to complete the defense style questionnaire (ds...

boron (b) is a non-metal micronutrient which is essential for plants growth and development. formation of boron complex with cell wall matrix and phenolic compounds is a definite influence of boron in physiological process. it has been suggested that b-toxicity and deficiency may induce excess production of reactive oxygen species thereby promote defense responses by antioxidant enzymes or non-...

The main line of defense that exists to eliminate foreign agents falls on phagocytic cells (neutrophils, dendritic cell, and macrophages), it does so through phagocytosis, a complex cellular mechanism occurs after the recognition binding ligand by receptors. Macrophages are part diverse lineage innate immune cells. Once macrophage receptor binds its ligand, coordinated intracellular signaling c...

Plants synthesize small molecule terpenoids from a universal C5 precursor isopentenyl diphosphate, manufacturing diverse compounds used for defense, signaling, energy production, and other functions. Industrially, naturally occuring are as natural aromas flavoring, pharmaceuticals, insecticide. Despite terpenoid ubiquity in plant systems, it remains unknown how plants control localization trans...

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease. Possibilities for subclassification exist via the phenotype and by endotyping based on inflammatory infiltrate in local tissue. As an interesting component of innate immune defense, cytotoxic cytokine-producing natural killer cells (NK) as tissue-based can have direct influence pathogenesis. Thus, aim this work was precise characterizatio...

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins present at the plasma membrane and in extracellular spaces. A synthetic chemical, beta-glucosyl Yariv reagent (beta-GlcY), binds specifically to AGPs. We previously reported that gibberellin signaling is specifically inhibited by beta-GlcY treatment in barley aleurone protoplasts. In the present study, we found that beta-GlcY...

In the establishment of symbiosis between Medicago truncatula and the nitrogen-fixing bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the microsymbiont plays an important role as a signal molecule. It has been shown in cell cultures that the LPS is able to suppress an elicitor-induced oxidative burst. To investigate the effect of S. meliloti LPS on defense-associated gene expr...

In our studies of host defense to the intracellular protozoan Leishmania major, we uncovered a novel mechanism of antileishmanial defense that involves direct cell contact between effector CD4+ lymphocytes and Leishmania-infected macrophages. The mechanism is distinctive because it does not involve lymphokine secretion and induces no cytotoxic effects in the host cells; its expression is antige...

We have previously shown that a human small GTPase Rac homolog, OsRac1, from rice (Oryza sativa) induces cascades of defense responses in rice plants and cultured cells. Sphingolipid elicitors (SEs) have been similarly shown to activate defense responses in rice. Therefore, to systematically analyze proteins whose expression levels are altered by OsRac1 and/or SE treatment, we performed a diffe...

Cell-autonomous defense mechanisms are potent strategies that protect individual cells against intracellular pathogens. The Rab-family GTPase Rab32 was previously shown to restrict the intracellular human pathogen Salmonella Typhi, but its potential broader role in antimicrobial defense remains unknown. We show that Rab32 represents a general cell-autonomous, antimicrobial defense that is count...