Machine learning (ML) has automated a multitude of our day-to-day decision-making domains, such as education, employment, and driving automation. The continued success ML largely depends on ability to trust the model we are using. Recently, new class attacks called backdoor have been developed. These undermine user’s in models. In this article, present <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math...

Defence in depth is a comprehensive and systematic approach to safety that has been developed by the nuclear power community to assure with high confidence that the public and the environment are protected from any hazards posed by the use of nuclear power for the generation of electricity. Moreover, the concepts of defence in depth and safety culture have served the nuclear power community wel...

The so-called expertise defence against sceptical challenges from experimental philosophy has recently come under attack: there are several studies claiming to have found direct evidence that philosophers’ judgments in thought experiments susceptible erroneous effects. In this paper, we distinguish between the customary ‘immune experts’ version of and an ‘informed version. On informed defence, ...

Birds combat ectoparasites with many defences but the first line of defence is grooming behaviour, which includes preening with the bill and scratching with the feet. Preening has been shown to be very effective against ectoparasites. However, most tests have been with feather lice, which are relatively slow moving. Less is known about the effectiveness of preening as a defence against more mob...

· Small RNAs play important roles in resistance to plant viruses and the complex responses against pathogens and leaf-chewing insects. · We investigated whether small RNA pathways are involved in Arabidopsis resistance against a phloem-feeding insect, the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae). We used a 2-wk fecundity assay to assess aphid performance on Arabidopsis RNA silencing and defence pathw...

Plant hormones play pivotal roles as signals of plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we report that exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethephon (ETH), and abscisic acid (ABA) can reduce Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) accumulation in systemic leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana during early infection. SA and ABA are more efficient and confer a longer-lasting resistance agains...

It is an apparent conundrum how plants evolved effector-triggered immunity (ETI), involving programmed cell death (PCD), as a major defence mechanism against biotrophic pathogens, because ETI-associated PCD could leave them vulnerable to necrotrophic pathogens that thrive on dead host cells. Interestingly, during ETI, the normally antagonistic defence hormones, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic ...

of thesis The prospect of a justification defence in cases of direct sex discrimination is universally criticised by academic commentators on the ground that it would subvert the goal of equality that underlies sex discrimination and equal treatment legislation. At the outset the thesis examines the differences between the sexes, how these differences can be used to explain the distinction betw...