From the gross conservation laws of thermodynamics in a convecting material we derive a bound on the ratio of the rate of production of mechanical or magnetic energy to the rate of internal radioactive heating which drives the convection. Our bound for this "efficiency" depends on the temperatures in the material, and can exceed unity. Whether the bound can be attained by "efficiencies" in real...

OBJECTIVES To examine the incidence, clinical state, personal risk factors, haematology, and biochemistry of heat exhaustion occurring at a deep underground metalliferous mine. To describe the underground thermal conditions associated with the occurrence of heat exhaustion. METHODS A 1 year prospective case series of acute heat exhaustion was undertaken. A history was obtained with a structur...

Prior to the 2000s, the North Atlantic was the basin showing the greatest warming. However, since the mid-2000s during the so-called global warming hiatus, large amounts of heat were transferred in this basin from upper to deeper levels while the dominance in terms of atmospheric heat capture moved into the Indo-Pacific. Here we show that a large transformation of modal waters in the eastern No...

[1] Glaciers which drain the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) into the Amundsen Sea are accelerating and thinning rapidly. These observations have been attributed to the regional oceanography whereby heat contained within Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) drives the basal melting of floating glaciers. On the basis of new data we calculate that 2.8 terra-Watts (10) of oceanic heat flow onto the contin...

Geothermal energy is a reliable and mature source, but it represents less than 1% of the total renewable mix. While enhanced geothermal system (EGS) concept faces technical validation challenges suffers from public acceptance issues, development unconventional deep-well designs can help to improve their efficiency reliability. Modelling single-EGS-well key assessing long-term thermal performanc...

We present ocean model sensitivity experiments aimed at separating the influence of the projected changes in the ‘‘thermal’’ (near-surface air temperature) and ‘‘wind’’ (near-surface winds) forcing on the patterns of sea level and ocean heat content. In the North Atlantic, the distribution of sea level change is more due to the ‘‘thermal’’ forcing, whereas it is more due to the ‘‘wind’’ forcing...

For more than 2,000 years, local tissue heating has been used to treat rheumatism, arthritis, muscle strains and sprains, and a variety of other afflictions. Heat can be applied with hot packs, ultrasound, diathermy, microwave, lasers, or a whirlpool bath. The overall effect is the same. Heat is applied to the surface of the skin in an effort to transfer the heat deep into the tissue. However, ...