Nowadays “greenwashing” is a popular term. We are aware of companies such as BP Oil and many others being accused of greenwashing, claiming eco-consciousness or launching products and services that are less than legitimately green. But few people know that the term was originally coined to criticize hotels that encouraged guests to reuse towels for environmental reasons but made little or no ef...

khatib tabrizi is a famous scholar from fifth hijry century. he has been named with positive and negative characteristics. this article studies and judges the things he has been accused of or appraised for. also his scientific status and historian views about him and his role in literature are discussed in the present article.

Dinî referanslarla bazı Müslümanların küfrüne hükmetmeyi ifade eden tekfir söylemi, Hz. Peygamber sonrası dönemlerde yaşanan siyasî kargaşalarda ortaya çıkmış ve asırlar boyunca bir ötekileştirme, İslam dışına itme bazen de şiddete başvurma aracı olarak kullanılır hale gelmiştir. Sıffîn savaşında hakem olayı sebebiyle Ali’nin ordusu içerisinden çıkan Hâricîlerin, temelsiz iddialarla başta Ali M...

the principle of equality of arms means that each party in an action shall present her claim in an environment so that this does not put him in a worse condition compared to the other party of the trial. this principle has been internationally and locally embraced by authorities. from the perspective of international documents, the acceptance of this principle is partly influenced by the accept...

the first part of the paper describes the persian translation of naṣīr al-dīn al-ṭūsī’s taḥrīr kitāb uqlīdis by quṭb al-dīn al-shīrāzī, with a primary focus on his appendix to book i. part of a larger encyclopedic collection, al-shīrāzī’s translation continued to be read for centuries. as evidence of the work’s influence, al-shīrāzī’s appendix to book i was included in a nineteenth century prin...