The entity of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) in The Bethesda System 2001 for reporting cervical cytology is characterized by equivocal diagnosis, poor reproducibility and debatable management. This retrospective study was done to analyse the causes of false ASCUS if any and identify the educational needs as part of quality assurance programme. Cervical smears of al...

etaplasia, the process in which one type of adult Mtissue replaces another, is a consequence of chronic tissue injury. In the esophagus, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the condition that chronically injures the squamous epithelium and causes its replacement by the intestinal-type, columnar epithelium of Barrett’s esophagus. The cell of origin for this columnar metaplasia remains unkn...

The primary squamous cell carcinoma of prostate is a rare tumor that its histogenesis has not been clearly identified. This tumor comprises 0.5 to 1 % of malignant tumors of prostate. In most cases, there exists a severe and atypical metaplasia. The case was a 66 years man that admitted for increased frequency of urination and a burning sensation. In initial examinations, because of the existe...

irritation, often in association with dry eyes, cicatrizing diseases, and inflammation. In this patient, cicatricial keratoconjunctivitis, ie, ocular pemphigoid, drug-induced pseudopemphigoid, StevensJohnson syndrome, or chemical burns, was not observed. Moreover, the signs and symptoms did not suggest evidence of other types of chronic keratoconjunctivitis, such as superior limbic keratitis, g...

Overwhelming evidence has demonstrated tobacco smoke (TS) is causally associated with various types of cancers, especially lung cancer. Sustained epithelial cell hyperplasia and squamous metaplasia are considered as preneoplastic lesions during the formation of lung cancer. The cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to lung cancer due to TS are not clear. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (M...

Objective To explore the effect of cigarette smoke (CS) on the development of squamous metaplasia in human airway epithelial cells and the role of MAPK- and FoxA2-signaling pathways in the process. Materials and methods In an in vitro study, we treated the bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS2B with CS extract, followed by treatment with the ERK inhibitor U0126, the JNK inhibitor SP600125, or ...

irritation, often in association with dry eyes, cicatrizing diseases, and inflammation. In this patient, cicatricial keratoconjunctivitis, ie, ocular pemphigoid, drug-induced pseudopemphigoid, StevensJohnson syndrome, or chemical burns, was not observed. Moreover, the signs and symptoms did not suggest evidence of other types of chronic keratoconjunctivitis, such as superior limbic keratitis, g...

Squamous cell carcinoma of the neck presenting clinically as predominantly cystic lesion has often been considered as branchiogenic carcinoma in the past. However, such cystic lesions presently constitute a distinct form of head-neck metastasis, and a co-existent second metastatic focus could supposedly help distinguish them from branchiogenic carcinoma. We here present a case where, although t...

We herein report a patient who presented with follicular lymphoma. Although the stomach was initially intact, mucosal redness and multiple erosions appeared in gastric body owing to infiltration of lymphoma cells. Subsequently, slightly depressed, white area lacking structure detected lesser curvature cardia body, where cell also pathologically observed beneath stratified squamous epithelium. T...

INTRODUCTION Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type. Our aim was to determine the frequency and outcome of metaplasia in specimens from needle biopsies of the prostate and its relation with clinical findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among 1566 prostate specimens referred to 2 pathology centers of Tehran, we studied on cases with a d...