BACKGROUND Transmission of human pathogens can be occurred via inert objects. Paper currency is a further common contact surface whereby pathogens can be transferred within a population although the significance remains unknown. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate microbial populations associated with Iranian paper currency. METHODS This study was carried out by getting 108...

Re-denomination was not only a zero dropping and new coin minting operation but also a significant milestone in Turkey. Before the currency reform, multiple zeros had posed several difficulties in expressing monetary values, transactions, bookkeeping and statistical records, data processing software, payment systems, price labels etc. So, removing six zeros from national currency became a ...

This paper develops a firm-dynamics model with heterogenous firms and endogenous currency debt composition to jointly study financing and investment decisions in developing economies. In our model, foreign currency borrowing arises from a trade-off between aggregate deviations from the risk-free uncovered interest rate parity and firms’ growth potential. Crucially, there is crosssectional heter...

We study the evolution of price discovery process in euro-dollar and dollar-yen currency pairs over a ten-year period on EBS platform, global trading venue used by both manual automated traders. find that importance market orders decreases sharply period, owing mainly to decline information share from trading, while algorithmic high-frequency traders remains fairly constant. At same time, there...

We propose a novel, risk-based transmission mechanism for the effects of currency manipulation: policies that systematically induce a country’s currency to appreciate in bad times lower its risk premium in international markets and, as a result, lower the country’s risk-free interest rate and increase domestic capital accumulation and wages. Currency manipulations by large countries also have e...

The Reserve Bank of India and a closely associated institution, NABARD, have undertaken a wide range of activities designed to support microfinance. However, many of these have been "developmental" initiatives of a financially repressive nature (such as directed credit requirements and refinancing of loans to priority sectors) and have not contributed to the emergence of a sustainable microfina...

Security: Forging paper currency is difficult. Unfortunately, electronic currency is just data and is easily copied. Copying or double spending of electronic currency should be prevented or detected. Ideally the illegal creation, copying, and reuse of electronic cash should be unconditionally or computationally impossible. Some systems rely instead on post-fact detection and punishment of doubl...

How does an unexpected domestic monetary expansion a¤ect the foreign economy: Does it induce an increase or a decline in foreign production? And is it ’beggar-thy-neighbour’, or does it raise foreign welfare? Empirical evidence from VARs indicates that monetary policy has positive international transmission e¤ects on both foreign output and aggregate demand. A two-country dynamic general equili...

The aim of this paper is to examine indications for a common currency system on the Internet for spontaneous transactions. First the framework for such a currency system and the theoretical background on common currencies are discussed. Examples of common currencies already in use are evaluated according to a set of criteria developed by the authors. Furthermore the theoretical ideas and the in...