The elevation angle θ is relevant for the Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications since it always changing its relative position with respect to fixed stations (ES’s), and this affects link length received power, PR. This article provides a new methodology compute probability density function (PDF) cumulative distribution (CDF) of angle, θ, diverse ES locations. requires as input paramet...

This paper presents a hyperbolic trigonometric (HT) transformation procedure for empirically estimating a cumulative probability distribution function (cdf), from which the probability density function (pdf) can be obtained by differentiation. Maximum likelihood (ML) is the appropriate estimation technique, but a particularly appealing feature of the HT transformation as opposed to other zero-o...

Adaptive power allocation problem where it minimizes the energy-per-good bit (EPG) of a system employing a multiple-input multiple-output maximum ratio combining (MIMO-MRC) scheme is formulated. Closed-form results are obtained for the optimum transmit power and minimum EPG as a function of the number of antennas employed and the quality of the channel. The cumulative distribution function (CDF...

This paper introduces a simple index that helps to assess the degree of aging or rejuvenation of repairable systems and non-repairable systems (components). The index ranges from –1 to 1. It is negative for the class of decreasing failure rate distributions and point processes with decreasing ROCOF and is positive for the increasing failure rate distributions and point processes with increasing...

In recent decades, studying order statistics arising from independent and not necessary identically distributed (INID) random variables has been a main concern for researchers. A cumulative distribution function (CDF) of these random variables (Fi:n) is a complex manipulating, long time consuming and a software-intensive tool that takes more and more times. Therefore, obtaining approximations a...

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Cell Biol. Vol. 207 No. 5 599–613 www.jcb.org/cgi/doi/10.1083/jcb.201405014 JCB 599 *M. Reuter and A. Zelensky contributed equally to this paper. Correspondence to Claire Wyman: [email protected] Abbreviations used in this paper: ACF, autocorrelation function; CDF, cumulative distribution function; DSB, double-strand break; E, embryonic day; ES, emb...

As reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is expected to be implemented with a large aperture in terms of wavelengths, using RIS perform near-field rather than conventional far-field communications might gain some benefits. The electric fields the region from focusing and RISs are simulated compared assess validate Two metrics benefit distance defined characterize region. cumulative distribut...

In recent years, indoor positioning systems (IPS) are increasingly very important for a smart factory, and the Lora system based on round-trip time (RTT) has been developed. This paper introduces ranging characterization, RTT measurement, position estimation method. particular, particle filter localization method-aided pseudorange fitting correction is designed to solve problem of positioning; ...

In this paper an approach to the performance analysis of hybrid MRCS (Selection Maximal Ratio Combining) diversity system operating over Ricean fading channels is presented. Hybrid MRCS combining method has a simple implementation, where maximal-ratio combined signals are chosen on a selection combining basis. Closed form expressions are provided for standard first and second order statistical ...

A natural way to represent a 1-D probability distribution is to store its cumulative distribution function (cdf) F (x) = Prob(X ≤ x). When several random variables X1, . . . , Xn are independent, the corresponding cdfs F1(x1), . . . , Fn(xn) provide a complete description of their joint distribution. In practice, there is usually some dependence between the variables, so, in addition to the mar...