A kinship between cranial and pelvic visceral nerves of vertebrates has been accepted for a century. Accordingly, sacral preganglionic neurons are considered parasympathetic, as are their targets in the pelvic ganglia that prominently control rectal, bladder, and genital functions. Here, we uncover 15 phenotypic and ontogenetic features that distinguish pre- and postganglionic neurons of the cr...

BACKGROUND Endoscopic endonasal techniques have recently become the method of choice in dealing with cerebrospinal fluid leak involving the anterior cranial fossa. However, most surgeons prefer an intracranial approach when leaks involve the middle cranial fossa. This case report illustrates the possibilities of using endoscopic techniques for cerebrospinal fluid leaks involving the middle foss...

burkitt’s lymphoma is one of the most hematologic malignancies that involve the central nervous system. our patient had a rare presenting symptom of lymphoma during pregnancy. it is reasonable to search for burkitt’s lymphoma in every patient with abdominal mass and neurologic symptom. involvement of cranial nerves especially abducens are among this neurologic complications but are rare as pres...

Cranial injury, as it is known today, is not a new concern of modern medicine. On stepping on the earth, the man was in reality encountered with various types of injuries, particularly those of a cranial nature. Leading a life, whether wild or civilized, has always been associated with injuries for human race from the very beginning of birth. Therefore, managing cases of this type has gradually...

The fate of patients with leukemia has greatly improved in the past decades. Survival has been increased and the once stereotypic pattern of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infiltration and diffuse infiltration of nerves and muscles has entirely changed. Peripheral nervous structures as cranial nerves, nerve roots, plexus and peripheral nerves can be affected in different types of leukemia, by differ...

BACKGROUND Leprosy is one of the most common causes of peripheral neuropathy, perhaps closely matched by diabetic neuropathy. Patterns of peripheral neuropathy in leprosy can be varied, which may include mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex and symmetric polyneuropathy. Cranial nerves, especially facial and trigeminal nerves, are also commonly involved in leprosy. AIMS To find out the patte...

[Introduction] Cranial nerves are small nerves that control various sensory and/or motor functions and these nerves emerge from the brainstem. Conventional anatomical scan such as T1/T2 weighed MRI is commonly used to identify these nerves, but sometimes it is difficult to track the pathways due to complex structure. To visualize complex fiber structure, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) has been ...

OBJECTIVE In this pictorial essay, we review the MR appearance of cranial nerve enhancement in a variety of entities including neoplastic, infectious, and idiopathic diseases. CONCLUSION MRI with contrast enhancement is a valuable tool for detecting and characterizing disease of the cranial nerves. Abnormal cranial nerve enhancement on MRI may sometimes be the first or only indication of an u...

Well, someone can decide by themselves what they want to do and need to do but sometimes, that kind of person will need some clinical anatomy of the cranial nerves references. People with open minded will always try to seek for the new things and information from many sources. On the contrary, people with closed mind will always think that they can do it by their principals. So, what kind of pe...