nuremberg and tokyo courts as first international criminal courts were established by allies when there were not international regulations regarding the accused rights. but post war, effective steps were taken in this regard. at global and regional levels, a variety of documents have noted this matter detailed and also measures have been considered such as human rights committee of united natio...

This is a critical review of 37 published and unpublished evaluations of drug courts (including seven juvenile drug courts, one DUI court, and one family drug court) produced between 1999 and April 2001. The conclusions drawn from this research are generally consistent with those of previous reviews published by the author in June 1998 and December 1999. Drug courts have achieved considerable l...

Drug courts were established initially in the United States in the late 1980s, initiated by sentencers who were frustrated at the limited range and effectiveness of existing criminal justice measures for dealing with drug-related crime. The first drug court was introduced in Dade County, Florida in 1989. The impetus for the establishment of drug courts in North America came from a growing ackno...

International courts have proliferated in the international system in the past century, with one hundred judicial or quasi-judicial bodies currently in existence. While the supply of international courts has increased substantially, state level support for international courts varies across states, across courts, and over time. This paper focuses on the cross-sectional and temporal variation in...

What limits do judges have when creating specialty courts such as Veterans Treatment Courts (“VTCs”)? Many states have virtually no limits. I argue that states should enact legislation authorizing the creation of VTCs to maintain democratic legitimacy and ensure that the judiciary respects the separation of powers doctrine. VTCs represent an innovative and courageous approach to treat and rehab...

© 2008 Association of Family and Conciliation Courts Blackwell Publishing Inc M lden, USA FCRE amily Court Review 1531-2445 744 1617 © Association of Family and Conciliation Courts, 2008 XXX Original Article Kelly et al. / DIF ERENTIATION AMONG TYPES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AMILY COURT REVIEW DIFFERENTIATION AMONG TYPES OF INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE: RESEARCH UPDATE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INT...

Judge Newman has asked that we talk not about him today but about the federal courts. Naturally, I will honor his request, but I must also say that I can think of no better place to start such a discussion than with the exceptionally valuable contributions he has made over the past two decades in examining the institutional problems that confront the federal courts and in proposing thoughtful a...

In Pretext in Peril, Professor Natasha Martin argues convincingly that the United States Supreme Court and the lower federal courts have interpreted Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act to minimize a plaintiff’s success in proving discrimination. She posits that the courts appear hostile to anti-discrimination cases because they believe that discrimination is a past evil that has been virtual...

Few studies on federalism analyze the role of courts as safeguards of the federal arrangement, and those that do tend to be too optimistic about what courts can do. This article analyzes the effect of judicial review on the interaction between the central and a regional government in a federation in order to understand the conditions under which courts may or may not enforce compliance with fed...

In December 1998, the Commission on Structural Alternatives for the Federal Courts of Appeals issued a report and recommendations for Congress and the President. The commission resulted from ongoing controversy over splitting the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit The commissioners clearly suggested that the circuit remain intact but proposed three regionally based adjudicative divisio...