This is another contribution to the unending controversy over two Barbaras. My approach problem hopefully quite new: I wish view issue through prism of modal upgrading. Modal upgrading occurs when a subject term that has only been predicated assertorically in premises apodictically either: i) conclusion given syllogism, or; ii) some proposition derived from either syllogism alone or combination...

Gödel's theorem does not need an introduction. But it is generally not acknowledged that all instances of Gödel's sentence are vacuous (see below). On the contrary Aristotelian logic permits only sentences that are not vacuous. The consequences of these observations are surprising. What does the article title mean? First of all by " Aristotelian logic " we will understand the logic of the tradi...

pulmonary tuberculosis is a common infection worldwide. in the eastern part of iran, fluctuations in tuberculosis prevalence are seen due to the migration of people from afghanistan. the aim of this study was to evaluate the time of bacteriologic sputum conversion after treatment and affecting factors in those whose smear does not become negative. this study was carried out on 85 smear-positive...

For those who have never taken the trouble to consider ways and methods of thinking and who wish to know of a readable and interesting introduction to the subject this small book of Canon Dewar's can be confidently recommended. Its three sections cover a great deal of ground. The first is concerned with different types of thinking and with the rules of the syllogism. The second calls attention ...

Peterson’s Intermediate Syllogisms, generalizing Aristotelian syllogisms by intermediate quantifiers ‘Many’, ‘Most’ and ‘Almost all’, are studied. It is demonstrated that, by associating certain values V, W and U on standard Lukasiewicz MV–algebra with the first and second premise and the conclusion, respectively, the validity of a corresponding intermediate syllogism is determined by a simple ...

The relationship between metaphor and the practice of utilization in therapy and hypnosis can be seen as dependent on metaphor's role in structuring experience. The work of Gregory Bateson and others is used to illustrate how metaphor functions. Bateson's comparison of two forms of syllogistic logic provides a background for distinguishing between the experiential effects of metaphor in contras...

In this paper we use an interpretation of fuzzy if-then rules to consider the notion of fixed points that are also called fix mundis in the literature invented by Fathi/Temme. We review some known results on fixed points of fuzzy ifthen rules and add more new ones and bring up the notion of fixed points in fuzzy chaining syllogism and we obtain new and interesting conclusions. Finally we bring ...

In this paper, a new approximate syllogistic reasoning schema is described that expands some of the approaches expounded in the literature into two ways: (i) a number of different types of quantifiers (logical, absolute, proportional, comparative and exception) taken from Theory of Generalized Quantifiers and similarity quantifiers, taken from statistics, are considered and (ii) any number of p...