Descartes' metaphysics lays the foundation for the special sciences, and the notion of consciousness ("conscientia") belongs to metaphysics rather than to psychology. I argue that as a metaphysical notion, "consciousness" refers to an epistemic version of moral conscience. As a consequence, the activity on which science is based turns out to be conscientious thought. The consciousness that make...

While consciousness has been examined extensively in its different aspects, like in philosophy, psychiatry, neurophysiology, neuroplasticity, etc., conscience though it is an equal important aspect of the human existence, which remains an unknown to a great degree as an almost transcendental aspect of the human mind. It has not been examined as thoroughly as consciousness and largely remains a ...

Conscientious objection is the right of physicians to reject a practice or action that violates their ethical or moral principles (1). In majority of democratic countries, an individual has a legitimate right to conscientiously object and refuse to act according to the law or its individual provisions that prescribe behavior contrary to the individual’s conscience. However, it is necessary that...