data envelopment analysis (dea) is a nonparametric technique that includes models to evaluate the relative efficiency of decision making units (dmus). it has the ability to separate efficient units and inefficient units. one of the applications of this mathematical technique is evaluating performance of supply chain. according to such as the inefficiency factors of one dmu, is existence congest...

For several decades growth of traffic volumes has outstripped investments in road infrastructure. The result has been a relentless increase in traffic congestion. This paper reviews the economic principles behind congestion pricing in static and dynamic settings, which derive from the benefits of charging travellers for the externalities they create. Special attention is paid to various complic...

This paper describes the use of Congestion Pricing as a means of providing Congestion Control and Di erentiated Quality of Service. The application of the proposed technique to the Internet Protocol has the advantage that it can be simply implemented using Explicit Congestion Noti cation. In particular: the network mechanism is independent of higher level protocols; the end systems can continue...

In recent years, AQM (Active Queue Management) mechanisms, which control the number of packets in the router’s buffer by randomly discarding an arriving packet, have been actively studied. In past studies, most of AQM mechanisms have been designed by taking account of a single router; i.e., few AQM mechanisms have been designed by taking account of multiple routers in the network. In a tandem n...

One of TCP's key tasks is to react and avoid network congestion episodes which normally arise in packet switched networks. A wide literature is available concerning the behaviour of congestion control algorithms in many di erent scenarios and several congestion control algorithms have been proposed in order to improve performances in speci c scenarios. In this paper we focus on the UMTS wireles...

In this paper we develop a general framework for the problem of flow control over wireless networks, evaluate the existing approaches within that framework, and propose new ones. Significant progress has been made on the mathematical modeling of flow control for the wired Internet, among which Kelly’s contribution is widely accepted as a standard framework. We extend Kelly’s flow control framew...