Semaphorins are a family of secreted and membrane-bound proteins known as axonal pathfinders. Sema4A, a member of class 4 semaphorins, induces growth cone collapse of hippocampal neurons. The binding of Sema4A to growth cones indicates the presence of receptors transmitting signals through the intracellular effectors to induce growth cone collapse in hippocampal neurons. Transfection experiment...

In this paper we introduce the cone bounded linear mapping and demonstrate a proof to show that the cone norm is continuous. Among other things, we prove the open mapping theorem and the closed graph theorem in TVS-cone normed spaces. We also show that under some restrictions on the cone, two cone norms are equivalent if and only if the topologies induced by them are the same. In the sequel, we...

Focal electroretinograms (ERGs) from the green and red cone systems in combination were elicited with a method of rod silent substitution from three young patients with dominant retinitis pigmentosa with reduced penetrance. With this method, two alternating lights of different wavelength, matched in brightness for the rods, were presented to the same retinal area. The brighter light for the gre...

PURPOSE To develop a contact lens electrode with a built-in blue light-emitting diode (LED) to record the electroretinogram from short-wave sensitive-cone (S-cone) electroretinogram (ERG) in humans. METHODS The ERG was recorded using the blue LED (450 nm) built-in electrode under a yellow background illumination from a slide projector in five normal subjects, a patient with blue cone monochro...

Rod-cone gap junctions open at night to allow rod signals to pass to cones and activate the cone-bipolar pathway. This enhances the ability to detect large, dim objects at night. This electrical synaptic switch is governed by the circadian clock and represents a novel form of homeostatic plasticity that regulates retinal excitability according to network activity. We used tracer labeling and ER...

Molecular biological, histological and flicker electroretinographic results have established that mice have two cone photopigments, one peaking near 350 nm (UV-cone pigment) and a second near 510 nm [midwave (M)-cone pigment]. The goal of this investigation was to measure the action spectra and absolute sensitivities of the UV-cone- and M-cone-driven b-wave responses of C57BL/6 mice. To achieve...

In this paper, we prove the cone theorem and the contraction theorem for pairs (X, B), where X is a normal variety and B is an effective R-divisor on X such that KX+B is R-Cartier.

PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that Regulator of G-protein Signaling 9 (RGS9-1) is necessary for the normal inactivation of retinal cones. METHODS Mice having the gene RGS9-1 inactivated in both alleles (RGS9-1 -/-) were tested between the ages 8-10 weeks with electroretinographic (ERG) protocols that isolate cone-driven responses. Immunohistochemistry was performed with a primary antibody ag...

where A and b are rational and the associate dual program min y b s.t. A y = c (2) y ≥ 0 Definition 1 The system of inequalities by Ax ≤ b is Total Dual Integral or TDI if for all integral vectors c the dual program has an integral solution whenever the optimal value is finite. The main result for today is Theorem 1 If Ax ≤ b is TDI and b is integral then P = {x : Ax ≤ b} is integral ∗ ∗ Proof:...

We call a positive semidefinite matrix whose elements are nonnegative a doubly nonnegative matrix, and the set of those matrices the doubly nonnegative cone (DNN cone). The DNN cone is not symmetric but can be represented as the projection of a symmetric cone embedded in a higher dimension. In [16], the authors demonstrated the efficiency of the DNN relaxation using the symmetric cone represent...