Unlike teacher beliefs, there has been a dearth of study regarding EFL learner beliefs. The reason can be that Horwitz (1987) and the existing literature has predominantly been in an ESL context. The present study reports the development and validation of a scale to measure the learner beliefs about language learning in Iranian EFL contexts. Using a combination of verbal creativity method, inte...

In this paper we deal with the set of k-additive belief functions dominating a given capacity. We follow the line introduced by Chateauneuf and Jaffray for dominating probabilities and continued by Grabisch for general k-additive measures. First, we show that the conditions for the general k-additive case lead to a very wide class of functions and this makes that the properties obtained for pro...

We argue that propositions about causes differ in meaning from those about enabling conditions: with a cause the effect is necessary, whereas with an enabler it is possible. But, the salient mental model is the same for both. We report an experiment that tested this difference in a study of belief revision. The results showed that causes and enabling conditions are revised differently. On trial...

There are important theoretical and practical reasons to study belief structures. Similar to qualitative probability, qualitative belief can also be described in terms of a preference relation. One of the objectives in this study is to specify the precise conditions that a preference relation must satisfy such that it can be faithfully represented by a belief function. Two special classes of pr...

The subject matter fallacy is the fallacy of supposing that the content of a statement or a belief consists in the conditions the truth of the statement or belief puts on its subject matter: the objects the statement or belief is about. Consider my belief that Hillary Clinton is a resident of New York. The subject matter of this belief are the things and conditions (properties, relations) it is...

In this paper we consider the implications for belief revision of weakening the logic under which belief sets are taken to be closed. A widely held view is that the usual belief revision functions are highly classical, especially in being driven by consistency. We show that, on the contrary, the standard representation theorems still hold for paraconsistent belief revision. Then we give conditi...

Discourse particles typically express the attitudes of interlocutors with respect to the propositional content of an utterance – for example, marking whether or not a speaker believes the content of the proposition that she uttered. In German, the particle doch – which has no direct English translation – is commonly used to correct a belief that is thought to be common ground among those presen...

In this paper, I discuss whether different interpretations of the aim belief – both teleological and normative have resources to explain certain descriptive features suspended belief, or suspension. argue that despite recent efforts theorists extend these theories account for suspension, they ultimately fail. The implication is we must either develop alternative can abandon assumption ought be ...

in that belief to god is a contract and heart condition that took safety for the believer and on top of all minor beliefs has been human and is happinees; there is no say; but providing characteristics of belief and comprehensive definition for that for a discussion of the most basic issues of islamic theology and christian theology is need. among christian with existentialist  paul tillich wit...