PURPOSE. The most recently identified metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), type 8 mGluR (mGluR8), has been identified functionally as a presynaptic autoreceptor in rod photoreceptors. This study analyzed the mechanism of action underlying mGluR8 activity and modulation of the cytosolic Ca concentration in mouse photoreceptors. METHODS. The cytosolic Ca concentration of acutely isolated rod ...

Mindfulness practice consists of focusing attention in an intentional way on the experience of the present moment, including bodily sensations, thoughts or feelings, and the environment, with an attitude of acceptance and without judging. The body and, especially, body awareness are key elements in mindfulness. Embodiment or the feeling of being located within one’s physical body is a related c...

abstract introduction: interferential current is one of the most popular kinds of electrical stimulation that are used in electrotherapy. despite its clinical popularity, there have been limited studies to investigate how this stimulation protocol affects the nerve fibers. this study was aimed to develop a realistic model for the stimulation of nerve fibers by interferential currents and using ...

background and objectives:scrophularia variegata m. beib. (scrophulariaceae) is a medicinal plant, used for various inflammatory diseases in iranian traditional medicine. in the present study, we evaluated the immune modulation and antioxidant effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of s.  variegata. methods: the splenocytes were harvested from the spleen of balb/c mice and were cultured. the spl...

conclusions caffeine has a potential role for pain modulation. current evidence on caffeine use for migraine and terminal stage cancer is not well-established. future studies should address the use of caffeine alone for different types of pain with dose escalation and standardization of outcome measurement. evidence acquisition the data on caffeine as an adjuvant therapy or as a main component ...

The use of dye-doped liquid crystals allows the amplification coupling light and crystals. Light can induce self-organization molecular order. appearance ring patterns has been observed, which associated with phase modulation. However, morphology dynamics are not consistent self-modulation. Based on an experimental setup two parallel coherence beams orthogonal to a crystal cell, one induces pho...