Ostracods are drastically reduced crustaceans, with never more than eight appendages enclosed between two valves, leaving only a limited number of morphological characters for species delineation. Conservative morphology of characters used to define genera, along with high variability of characters used to define species are creating problems in applying a morphospecies concept. A high intraspe...

Previous phonotaxis experiments in the túngara frog, Physalaemus pustulosus, indicated a permissiveness in female preference that allows sexually selected complex call characters to be replaced with various alternative characters. Although they prefer complex to simple calls, females as a group did not discriminate between several alternative complex characters appended to the simple conspecifi...

Proper functioning of complex phenotypes requires that multiple traits work together. Examination of relationships among traits within and between complex characters and how they interact to function as a whole organism is critical to advancing our understanding of evolutionary developmental plasticity. Phenotypic integration refers to the relationships among multiple characters of a complex ph...

Kronecker products of complex characters of the symmetric group Sn have been studied in many papers. Information on special products and on the coefficients of special constituents have been obtained but there is no efficient combinatorial algorithm in sight for computing these products. In [1], products of Sn-characters with few homogeneous components and homogeneous products of characters of ...

today we are facing with a turbulent world full of complexity and change. contemporary problems are too complicated for rational, logical solutions. they admit insights, not answers. chaos theory is a solution to reveal insights into the structure and the dynamics of complex systems. chaos theory is in formative stage, but we can use it in management practices. this article is about application...

Evolutionary simplification, or loss of complex characters, is a major theme in studies of body-form evolution. The apparently infrequent evolutionary reacquisition of complex characters has led to the assertion (Dollo's Law) that once lost, complex characters may be impossible to re-evolve, at least via the exact same evolutionary process. Here, we provide one of the most comprehensive, fine-s...

Entrywise powers of matrices have been well-studied in the literature, and have recently received renewed attention due to their application in the regularization of highdimensional correlation matrices. In this paper, we study powers of positive semidefinite block matrices (Hst) n s,t=1 where each block Hst is a complex m × m matrix. We first characterize the powers α ∈ R such that the blockwi...

The Japanese script consists of two phonetic syllabaries, called hiragana (eg ft* /ka/) and katakana (eg # /ka/), and thousands of Chinese characters, called kanji (eg ^ hon). Chinese characters have three basic properties: form, sound, and meaning. Many characters are of complex shape, some having more than twenty or even thirty strokes. Each character may be pronounced according to its Chines...

Chinese characters, as used in Chinese and Japanese for or-thography,* bear inherent meanings as well as sound shapes. Apart from these aspects, the graphic patterns of the characters also vary in complex ways and they appear very different over a wide range. It is obvious to native users of these characters, however, that the graphic patterns are mostly composed of different but frequently use...

genus meriones is the dominant member of gerbils in the palaearctic region, particularly in aride region of asia. this is also one of the most typical genus of subfamily gerbillinae with about 17 morphospecies namely: m. persicus, m. hurrianae, m. zarudnyi m. vinogradovi, m. meridianus, m. libycus, m. crassus, m. tristrami, m. rex, m. tamariscinus, m. unguiculatus, m. shawi, m. grandis, m. sacr...