Phenomenal theories of consciousness assert that consciousness is based on specific neural correlates in the brain, which can be separated from all cognitive functions we can perform. If so, the search for robot consciousness seems to be doomed. By contrast, theories of functional or access consciousness assert that consciousness can be studied only with forms of cognitive access, given by cogn...

Recent years have witnessed increasing popularity and promotion of biological influences (e.g., genetics) in eating disorder (ED) development. Although research suggests biological models of EDs reduce blame-oriented stigma in the general public, their effect on symptomatic individuals' attitudes toward themselves, treatment, and their prognosis has not been studied. Additionally, little is kno...

Mandevillian intelligence is a specific form of collective intelligence in which individual cognitive vices (i.e., shortcomings, limitations, constraints and biases) are seen to play a positive functional role in yielding collective forms of cognitive success. The present paper introduces the concept of mandevillian intelligence and reviews a number of strands of empirical research that help to...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular risk factors are common in the elderly, and some such as hypertension may be important predictors of cognitive impairment. SUMMARY OF REVIEW In this article, the role that vascular risk factors may play in the prevention of vascular and nonvascular forms of cognitive impairment is reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Because vascular risk factors may have negative effects o...

It has been suggested that the cognitive requirements associated with bi- and multilingual processing provide a form of mental exercise that, through increases in cognitive reserve and brain fitness, may delay the symptoms of cognitive failure associated with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. We collected data on a country-by-country basis that might shed light on this suggestion...

Cognitive Informatics (CI) is a discipline spanning across computer science, information science, cognitive science, brain science, intelligence science, knowledge science, and cognitive linguistics. CI aims to investigate the internal information processing mechanisms and processes of the brain, the underlying abstract intelligence theories and denotational mathematics, and their engineering a...

conclusions evaluation of iranian traditional dosage forms like vaginal and rectal types could be an attractive topic of research and the current study can briefly represent the iranian traditional pharmaceutical knowledge on vaginal and rectal drug delivery. objectives the aim of this study is the investigation about iranian traditional pharmaceutical dosage forms of vaginal and rectal medicat...

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Psychotherapy has traditionally competed with psychopharmacology. As drugs have become the more dominant treatment in psychiatry and primary care, this approach is increasingly criticized as limited in scope, lacking in robust outcomes and too heavily influenced by the pharmaceutical industry. Our objective is to show that recent advances in neurobiology are clarifyi...

A new tendency is emerging in cognitive science that pays attention to the possible commonalities between elementary processes of learning (such as classical or instrumental conditioning) and more complex inductive processes (like categorization or causality judgements) (see, e.g., Estes, 1985; Gluck & Bower, 1988; Holland et al., 1986; Pearce, 1988; Shanks & Dickinson, 1987; Schlimmer & Grange...