We contribute to a recent literature on the normalization, calibration and estimation of CES production functions. The problem arises because CES ‘share’ parameters are not in fact shares, but depend on underlying dimensions they are ‘dimensional constants’ in other words. It follows that such parameters cannot be calibrated, nor estimated unless the choice of units is made explicit. We use an ...

The impact of induced technological change (ITC) in energy/climate models on the timing of optimal CO2-abatement depends on whether R&D or learning-by-doing (LBD) is the driving force. Bottom-up energy system models employing LBD suggest strong increases in optimal early abatement. In this paper we extend an existing top-down model supporting this view according to the notion that socio-economi...

harmful economic, environmental and financial impacts of fertilizer distribution through subsidies as well as its contradiction with regulations of wto, it makes necessary to adopt a new policy. in this study, by combining positive mathematical programming and maximum entropy technique, the impacts of cancellation of fertilizer subsidies and applying proposed direct payment policies on gross ma...

Article history: Received 17 December 2014 Received in revised form 26 August 2015 Accepted 24 November 2015 Available online 18 December 2015 The growth of fossil fuel power production and the consequent increase in the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have set off an alarm signal worldwide. Different policies have been implemented to incentivize the development of renewable energy sour...

This paper assesses the economic impacts of the Swiss climate policy formulated under the Kyoto Protocol; the impacts on the carbon price, the welfare cost, and trade effects are examined. Our analysis is based on a multi-sectoral and multi-regional, computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the world economy (GEMINI-E3) which includes a representation of the Swiss economy. The model is use...

Danish household consumption increased by 58% over the period 1966]1992 while CO2 emissions only increased by 7%. Using decomposition analysis we investigated the global CO impact of Danish household consumption from 1966 to 1992. Our conclusion is that 2 overall growth in private consumption } but not changes in the composition of consumption } is the key to understanding the increase in CO em...

This paper investigates how the environmental pollution in East Asian countries can be affected by trade of ‘dirty’ goods with Japan and the USA. By controlling for trade openness, the share of manufacturing in GDP, and the trade of pollution-intensive products with Japan and the USA, CO2 emissions are estimated for ten East Asian countries between 1988 and 2000. Our results show that increasin...

Among environmental economists instrument choice has tended to come down to the task of ’getting the prices right’. Command-and-control interventions were viewed with suspicion. Recently, behavioral economics has revealed undesired interactions between price regulation and intrinsic motivation. We contribute by experimentally testing direct and persistence effects of taxes and command-and-contr...

This study is focusing on elucidation of the capacity of attenuated Salmonella enteritidis E23 (cya, crp) to serve as a vehicle for the rectal delivery of the DNA vaccine. Earlier for creation HIV-1 candidate DNA vaccine we have designed the polyepitope protein TCI (T-cell immunogen), which comprises over 80 CTL epitopes from subtype A, B and C HIV-1 proteins. The gene coding for TCI protein wa...

Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis, our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker — we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, p...