BACKGROUND Many people have multiple infections at the same time, but the combined contribution of those infections to disease-related mortality is unknown. Registered causes of death offer a unique opportunity to study associations between multiple infections. METHODS We analysed over 900,000 death certificates that reported infectious causes of death. We tested whether reports of multiple i...

BACKGROUND Morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium and hookworm infections is marked in those with intense co-infections by these parasites. The development of a spatial predictive decision-support tool is crucial for targeting the delivery of integrated mass drug administration (MDA) to those most in need. We investigated the co-distribution of S. haematobium and hookworm infection, plus the ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the occurrence of co-colonization or co-infection with VRE and MRSA among medical patients requiring intensive care. DESIGN Prospective, single-center, observational study. SETTING A 19-bed medical ICU in an urban teaching hospital. PATIENTS Adult patients requiring at least 48 hours of intensive care and having at least one culture performed for microbiologic evalu...

Background: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection and its co-infection with HIV or HBV is associated with an accelerated course of the disease and may result in more rapid progression of either or both, but knowledge on these dynamics in the imprisoned is scarce particularly in the developing world. Hence in this study we evaluated the prevalence of HCV infection and its associated co-infections wi...

Human co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum and helminths is ubiquitous throughout Africa, although its public health significance remains a topic for which there are many unknowns. In this review, we adopted an empirical approach to studying the geography and epidemiology of co-infection and associations between patterns of co-infection and hemoglobin in different age groups. Analysis highli...

BACKGROUND Individuals living in areas endemic for helminths are commonly infected with multiple species. Despite increasing emphasis given to the potential health impacts of polyparasitism, few studies have investigated the relative importance of household and environmental factors on the risk of helminth co-infection. Here, we present an investigation of exposure-related risk factors as sourc...

BACKGROUND The clinical consequences of co-infection with two or more respiratory viruses are poorly understood. We sought to determine if co-infection with pandemic 2009-2010 influenza A H1N1 (pH1N1) and another respiratory virus was associated with worse clinical outcomes. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed of all hospitalized patients with a positive respiratory viral panel...

autoimmunity and viral infections are closely associated fields, and viruses have been proposed as a likely aetiological, contributory or triggering factors of systemic autoimmune diseases. hepatitis c virus seems to be the virus usually associated with the appearance of autoimmune diseases, and the relationship between chronic hepatitis c virus infection and some autoimmune disease has been st...