3 After a while your adversaries and competitors will give up trying to think of alternative hypotheses, or else will grow old and die, and then your hypothesis will become accepted. Sounds crazy, we know, but that's how science works!-Numerical Recipes in C Abstract The bulk of research on the dynamics of populations of genotypes evolving on fitness landscapes has concentrated on the rôle of c...

Experimental studies on enzyme evolution show that only a small fraction of all possible mutation trajectories are accessible to evolution. However, these experiments deal with individual enzymes and explore a tiny part of the fitness landscape. We report an exhaustive analysis of fitness landscapes constructed with an off-lattice model of protein folding where fitness is equated with robustnes...

despite various researches on different aspects of world heritage sites in iran approved by unesco, little has been done on the landscapes of these valuable sites and complexes and their importance in achieving place identity. this is whilst the landscape of each complex is a valuable resource, and is similar to the work itself in need of conservation and maintenance. the importance of this iss...

This study aims to understand the current status and issues of viewpoint fields in Setonaikai National Park by clarifying relationship between actual condition view from them establishment management them, consider standpoint appreciation archipelago landscape.The methodology was field survey analyze pictures all fields, literature such as national park plan so on. As a result, can be divided i...

It is well known that the Riemann Zeta function ζ ( p ) = ∑∞n=1 1/np can be represented in closed form for p an even integer. We will define a shifted quadratic Zeta series as ∑∞ n=1 1/ ( 4n2−α2)p . In this paper, we will determine closed-form representations of shifted quadratic Zeta series from a recursion point of view using the Riemann Zeta function. We will also determine closed-form repre...

Blockade of large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channels by the bulky quaternary ammonium compound, N-(4-[benzoyl]benzyl)-N,N,N-tributylammonium (bbTBA), exhibits features consistent with blockade of both closed and open states. Here, we examine block of closed BK channels by bbTBA and how it may differ from block of open channels. Although our observations generally confirm earlier re...

The two-bit multiplier is a simple electronic circuit, small enough to be evolvable, and practically useful for the implementation of many digital systems. In this paper, we study the structure of the two-bit multiplier fitness landscapes generated by circuit evolution on an idealised model of a field-programmable gate array. The two-bit multiplier landscapes are challenging. The difficulty in ...

When joined to a stipulated neighborhood digraph, an objective function deÞned on the solution space of a real combinatorial optimization problem forms a landscape. Grover shows that landscapes satisfying a certain difference equation have properties favorable to local search. Studying only symmetric and regular neighborhood digraphs, Stadler deÞnes elementary landscapes as those which can be r...

Fitness landscapes are central in analyzing evolution, in particular for drug resistance mutations for bacteria and virus. We show that the fitness landscapes associated with antibiotic resistance are not compatible with any of the classical models; additive, uncorrelated and block fitness landscapes. The NK model is also discussed. It is frequently stated that virtually nothing is known about ...