cloning could be achieved by using this quick, alternative protocol. Not only does this Na3VO4-inhibition procedure save time, but also note that in this protocol the adjustment of vector-to-insert ratio in the ligation reaction is not necessary. To ligate with the CIAP/Na3VO4-treated vector (ca. 50 ng), we recommend using as much excess insert as is practical. Eliminating the quantitation step...

We report the map-based cloning of the leaf rust resistance gene Lr21, previously mapped to a gene-rich region at the distal end of chromosome arm 1DS of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Molecular cloning of Lr21 was facilitated by diploid/polyploid shuttle mapping strategy. Cloning of Lr21 was confirmed by genetic transformation and by a stably inherited resistance phenotype in transgenic p...

In secret quantum communications the best eavesdropping attacks on quantum cryptography are based on imperfect cloning machines. The incoherent attack, based on quantum cloning, is the most common eavesdropping strategy. Using a probe, the eavesdropper imperfectly clones the sender’s quantum state which keeps one copy and sends the other. The physically allowed transformations of Eve’s quantum ...

A prerequisite for the use of recombinant antibody technologies starting from hybridomas or immune repertoires is the reliable cloning of functional immunoglobulin genes. For this purpose, a standard phage display system was optimized for robustness, vector stability, tight control of scFv-delta geneIII expression, primer usage for PCR amplification of variable region genes, scFv assembly strat...

We investigate the role of symmetric quantum cloning machines (QCMs) in quantifying mutual incompatibility observables. Specifically, we identify a cloning-based measure whereby set observables maybe quantified terms how well uniform ensemble their eigenstates can be cloned via QCM. show that this new $\mathcal{Q}_{c}$ is {\it faithful} since it vanishes only for commuting prove an upper bound ...

We consider the problem of determining achievable region parameters for universal $1 \to 2$ asymmetric quantum cloning. Measuring cloning performance with figure merit singlet fraction, we show that physical is a union ellipses in plane. Equivalently, characterize parameter state compatibility two possibly different isotropic states, considering, first time, negative fractions.