Male chimpanzees produce a species-typical call, the pant hoot, to communicate to conspecifics over long-distances. Calls given by males from the well-known Gombe and Mahale populations typically consist of four different phases: an introduction, build-up, climax, and let-down. Recent observations suggest that chimpanzees living in the Kibale National Park, Uganda, consistently give calls that ...

Orgasm is one of the most intense pleasures attainable to an organism, yet its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. On the basis of existing literatures, this article introduces a novel mechanistic model of sexual stimulation and orgasm. In doing so, it characterizes the neurophenomenology of sexual trance and climax, describes parallels in dynamics between orgasms and seizures, spec...

Sensory development can be dependent on input from multiple modalities. During metamorphic development, ranid frogs exhibit rapid reorganization of pathways mediating auditory, vestibular, and lateral line modalities as the animal transforms from an aquatic to an amphibious form. Here we show that neural sensitivity to the underwater particle motion component of sound follows a different develo...

The goal of this study was to observe the impact of agro-management practices like, irrigation and nutrition on two pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars named Climax and Meteor at Horticultural Research Area, U.A.F. Growth parameters like Main stem Length (cm), number of leaves per plant, leaf Area (cm), number of pods per plant, length of pod (cm) number of seeds per pod and reproductive attributes l...

Ecology and natural history have a long tradition of interest in the spatial patterning and geographic distribution of organisms. The latitudinal and altitudinal distribution of vegetative zones was described by Von Humboldt (154), whose work provided a major impetus to studies of the geographic distribution of plants and animals (74). Throughout the nineteenth century, botanists and zoologists...

Anuran metamorphosis has long-served as a model of how thyroid hormones regulate post-embryonic development in vertebrates. However, comparatively little is known about urodele metamorphosis. Twofold approach was utilized in the present study including induction of metamorphosis in the obligatory neotenic Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) by applying thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) treatm...

In recent years, integrative animal biologists and behavioral scientists have begun to understand the complex interactions between the immune system and the neuroendocrine system. Amphibian metamorphosis offers a unique opportunity to study dramatic hormone-driven changes in the immune system in a compressed time frame. In the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, the larval pattern of imm...

The bacterial community structure in soil of a tropical rainforest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, where forest fires occurred in 1997-1998, was analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) with soil samples collected from the area in 2001 and 2002. The study sites were composed of a control forest area without fire damage, a lightly-burned forest area, and a heavily-burned forest ...