The Global Historical Climatology Network version 2 temperature database was released in May 1997. This centuryscale dataset consists of monthly surface observations from ~7000 stations from around the world. This archive breaks considerable new ground in the field of global climate databases. The enhancements include 1) data for additional stations to improve regional-scale analyses, particula...

Historical climatology is defined as a “research field situated at the interface of climato­ logy and (environmental) history dealing mainly with documentary evidence and using the methodology of both climatology and history” (Brázdil et al., 2005). following the same source, “(i) it aims at reconstructing temporal and spatial patterns of weather and climate, as well as climate related natural ...

We review the surface air temperature record of the past 150 years, considering the homogeneity of the basic data and the standard errors of estimation of the average hemispheric and global estimates. We present global fields of surface temperature change over the two 20-year periods of greatest warming this century, 1925–1944 and 1978–1997. Over these periods, global temperatures rose by 0.378...

The climatological characteristics of total ozone over Estonia based on the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data are discussed. The mean annual cycle during 1979–2000 for the site at 58.3 N and 26.5 E is compiled. The available ground-level data interpolated before TOMS, have been used for trend detection. During the last two decades, the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) corrected syste...

One of primary reasons for the establishment of the ARM Southern Great Plains research site was to obtain long-term records of surface radiation data and the impact of clouds on these data (Stokes and Schwartz 1994). This research project focuses on the creation of a two-year climatology of the surface radiation budget and the impact of clouds on that budget. The period of analysis extends from...

The simulation of major midwinter stratospheric sudden warmings (SSWs) in six stratosphere-resolving general circulation models (GCMs) is examined. The GCMs are compared to a new climatology of SSWs, based on the dynamical characteristics of the events. First, the number, type, and temporal distribution of SSW events are evaluated. Most of the models show a lower frequency of SSW events than th...

Abstract An updated global climatology of blanketing sporadic E (E s ) is developed from a combined data set Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) and ground‐based ionosonde soundings over the period September 2006–January 2019. A total 46 sites 3.2 million Ionosphere Radio Observatory network in combination with 3.0 occultations Constellation Observing for Meteorology, Ionosph...

A viable simplified climate model using a three-layer representation of the earth is described. The distinct layers correspond to the earth’s surface, lower atmosphere, and upper atmosphere. By considering the fact that any inequality of inward and outward energy fluxes would adjust to equilibrium according to blackbody laws, it is possible to generate layer-centric equations of climate variabl...