heavy rains are one of the features of arid and semi arid climates which result in flood. this kind of rainfall originates from environmental and synoptic conditions. mediterranean cyclones are the major factor in heavy rainfall in iran, but these cyclones do not happen in some parts of iran such as southern and southeastern areas. in this study, it has been tried to pinpoint the synoptic reaso...

This paper discusses the state of European research in historical climatology. This field of science and an overview of its development are described in detail. Special attention is given to the documentary evidence used for data sources, including its drawbacks and advantages. Further, methods and significant results of historical-climatological research, mainly achieved since 1990, are presen...

1 Variations in power input to the ocean using a recent global “reanalysis” extending back 2 to 1871 shows a strong trend in the net power input since then, a trend dominated by 3 the Southern Ocean region. This trend is interpreted as a spurious result of the changing 4 observational system. Focussing therefore, on the North Atlantic, where the data base is 5 somewhat more secure, the input po...

Temperature, humidity and precipitation in an area, are parameters proved influential in the climate of that area, and one should recognize them so that he can determine the climate of that area. Climate changes are of primary importance in climatology, and in recent years, have been of great concern to researchers and even politicians and organizations, for they can play an important role in s...

While it is generally recognized that clouds play an important role in the climate system, many fundamental cloud properties have not been extensively observed. Clouds can be described on multiple spatial and temporal scales. At the largest scales, the patterns of cloud systems denote synoptic scale motions. These patterns are, however, strongly modulated by mesoscale atmospheric motions and in...