The presence of valley networks and the highly degraded state of Noachian highland craters has led to the interpretation that Mars was once warmer and wetter. Recent climate models have suggested, however, that the extremely cold climate in the Noachian would be unlikely to support liquid water precipitation. The presence of a thicker atmosphere thermally coupled to the surface is predicted ins...

Recent coordinated efforts, in which numerous general circulation climate models have been run for a common set of experiments, have produced large datasets of projections of future climate for various scenarios. Those multimodel ensembles sample initial conditions, parameters, and structural uncertainties in the model design, and they have prompted a variety of approaches to quantifying uncert...

Several saffron ecotypes (Mashhad, Torbat-Jam, Torbat-Haydarieh, Gonabad, Birjand, Ghaen) were evaluated in Urmia for stigma yield and yield components using different maternal corm weights(6, 8, 10, 12 g) in 2013 cropping year. The experiment was arranged as factorial based on randomized complete block design. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among saffron ec...

The magnitude of climate change threats to life on the planet is not matched by the level of current mitigation strategies. To contribute to our understanding of inaction in the face of climate change, the reported study draws upon the pro status quo motivations encapsulated within System Justification Theory. In an online questionnaire study, participants (N = 136) initially completed a measur...

Commonly used horizontal diffusion and wavenumber truncation dealiasing methods in spectral models are verified using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3. For the same horizontal grid resolution, time step, physical processes, boundary conditions, and initial conditions, the simulated climate, using the horizontal diffusion alone model, is better than ...

We present probabilistic projections of 21st century climate change over Northern Eurasia using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Integrated Global System Model (IGSM), an integrated assessment model that couples an Earth system model of intermediate complexity with a two-dimensional zonal-mean atmosphere to a human activity model. Regional climate change is obtained by two downsc...

Multi-model ensembles of climate predictions constructed by running several global climate models for a common set of experiments are available for impact assessment of climate change. Multi-model ensembles emphasize the uncertainty in climate predictions resulting from structural differences in the global climate models as well as uncertainty due to variations in initial conditions or model pa...