A Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA) is designed to distinguish humans from machines. Most of the existing tests require reading distorted text embedded in a background image. However, many existing CAPTCHAs are either too difficult for humans due to excessive distortions or are trivial for automated algorithms to solve. These CAPTCHAs also suff...

The increasing use of smart phones, tablets, and other mobile devices poses a significant challenge in providing effective online security. CAPTCHAs, tests for distinguishing human and computer users, have traditionally been popular; however, they face particular difficulties in a modern mobile environment because most of them rely on keyboard input and have language dependencies. This paper pr...

Text CAPTCHA has been an effective means to protect online systems from spams and abuses caused by automatic scripts which pretend to be human beings. However, nearly all the Text CAPTCHA designs in nowadays are based on English characters, which may not be the most userfriendly option for non-English speakers. Therefore, under the background of globalization, there is an increasing interest in...

Many security primitives are based on hard mathematical problems. Using hard AI problems for security is emerging as an exciting new paradigm, but has been under-explored. In this paper, we present a new security primitive based on hard AI problems, namely, a novel family of graph-ical password systems built on top of Captcha technology, which we call Captcha as graphical passwords (CaRP). CaRP...

As protection of web applications are getting more and more important every day, CAPTCHAs are facing booming attention both by users and designers. Nowadays, it is well accepted that using visual concepts enhance security and usability of CAPTCHAs. There exist few major different ideas for designing image CAPTCHAs. Some methods apply a set of modifications such as rotations to the original imag...

A clickable initiator, pentafluoro benzyl bromide, has been investigated for the cationic ring opening polymerization of poly(2-oxazolines).